Trending December 2023 # Why You Should Be Really Excited That Juno Is At Jupiter # Suggested January 2024 # Top 18 Popular

You are reading the article Why You Should Be Really Excited That Juno Is At Jupiter updated in December 2023 on the website Achiashop.com. We hope that the information we have shared is helpful to you. If you find the content interesting and meaningful, please share it with your friends and continue to follow and support us for the latest updates. Suggested January 2024 Why You Should Be Really Excited That Juno Is At Jupiter

On July 4, NASA’s Juno spacecraft fired its engines for the 35-minute orbit insertion burn. The spacecraft’s nearly five year trek to Jupiter ended and its orbital mission began. It was an exciting moment for space nerds, but the casual observer might not have been thrilled. After all, we’ve been to Jupiter a number of times, and most people can recognize its characteristic red spot and know at least a little about its major moons. But as familiar as Jupiter might seem, Juno is only the second ever dedicated mission we’ve sent to the gas giant, this time around we stand to learn as much as Jupiter as how the elements for life ended up on Earth.

Jupiter

Jupiter as seen from the Earth.

Jupiter is huge, well big enough to spot with the naked eye in the night sky. Because of this, astronomers been studying it for millennia, though we didn’t really start learning about the planet until the 17th century when Galileo turned a telescope on the planet in 1610 and found it hosts multiple moons. At the time, this was compelling evidence in favour of a heliocentric rather than geocentric system.

After the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, exploring space with satellites and probes moved from the realm of science fiction to science fact, though planetary science came later. The 1960s were dedicated largely to landing a man on the Moon, which meant the first probes were sent to explore our own satellite. Among the first American lunar launches was the retroactively names Pioneer 0. It launched on August 17, 1958, and didn’t get anywhere close to the Moon because its launch vehicle exploded.

The Pioneer program went on, and though later probes also failed to reach the Moon they did gather data on solar wind, radiation, and cosmic rays. Then the eleventh mission of the program did something different. It went to Jupiter.

Pioneer 10 launched on March 3, 1972, on a trajectory that would have it fly by Jupiter and then Saturn on its way out of the Solar System. Traveling at about 82,000 miles per hour, Pioneer 10 passed within 81,000 miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops on December 3, 1973. A year later, the twin Pioneer 11 spacecraft followed suit, passing just 13,005 miles above Jupiter’s clouds.

The Pioneers were the first to see Jupiter up close. It also gathered data. The Pioneer missions told us about Jupiter’s magnetic field, it’s tilt, its strong gravitational pull, the strong ring current distorts its magnetosphere, found that radiation in Jupiter’s environment is far greater than any radiation around the Earth, measured the depths of its cloud layers, and also found that Jupiter emits more heat than it receives from the Sun. These missions also found traces of a fine ring of particles around planet. All this was incredible, but it only scraped the surface.

Pioneer 10 at Jupiter

Pioneer 10’s closest approach to Jupiter.

Even before the Pioneers reached Jupiter, NASA had approved the next major Jovian mission: another pair of flybys with the twin Voyager spacecraft as part of their Grand Tour of the Solar System. Nearly two years after launching in the fall of 1977, the Voyagers reached Jupiter. Voyager 1’s closest approach came on March 5, 1979, and Voyager 2 followed on July 9.

The Voyagers discovered 3 new Jovian moons, found auroral zones at the planet’s poles, and confirmed that Jupiter does have very scant rings. This mission also revealed that Jupiter’s moons are just as enticing as the planet. As Voyager 1 turned around the take a parting shot of the gas giant, it caught active volcanoes erupting on Io. Not only was there more to Jupiter, there was more to its huge system of moons, too.

The problem with Pioneers 10 and 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 was that all these missions were flyby. Not one could stay, falling into orbit around the planet to really get a good look at the gas giant. That dream wasn’t realized until the 1990s with the Galileo mission.

Jupiter’s Red Spot

A Voyager view of Jupiter’s red spot.

Galileo launched in the payload bay of the space shuttle Atlantis and was released on a winding trajectory to Jupiter on October 18, 1989. This was a two-part. The probe was designed to fly right into Jupiter, sending back data on the planet’s chemical composition and atmospheric structure, heat balance, lightning environment, and movement of energetic particles along its upper cloud layers as it plunged to its death. The Orbiter would have a longer lifetime, studying the surface morphology, composition, and magnetic and gravitational fields of Jupiter’s moons to ultimately understand how the system as a whole works.

Galileo revealed a lot of things including an intense radiation belt about 31,000 miles above Jupiter’s cloud tops and winds traveling faster than 400 miles per hours in the atmosphere. It also found less lightning than expected, though what it did find was significantly more powerful than anything on Earth. Galileo also found Io was still volcanically active; its face had been resurfaced by erupting volcanoes since the Voyagers flew past it decades earlier. Galileo also evidence that Europa might have a subsurface ocean.

But Galileo also revealed that we really didn’t know Jupiter as well as we thought we did. The spacecraft found less water on Jupiter than the Voyager probes detected, which meant there was more to learn about its composition and makeup. This also meant that some leading theories about planetary formation were wrong, but without knowing what Jupiter was really made of there was no way to know which were right.

Sadly, Galileo couldn’t stick around indefinitely. Communications with the spacecraft ceased on February 28, 2003. The spacecraft came back to life briefly to transmit some final data as it plunged into Jupiter’s thick clouds on September 21.

The Galileo mission left us needing to know more about Jupiter, but NASA set its sights elsewhere and we were left with flyby missions. The Ulysses, Cassini, and New Horizons spacecraft all gathered data about Jupiter during flybys that sent them on trajectories to their primary targets of the Sun, Saturn, and Pluto respectively. But the next phase of Jupiter research wasn’t far behind.

Juno at Jupiter

An artist’s concept of NASA’s Juno spacecraft at Jupiter

Juno launched on August 5, 2011, and now that it’s arrived it’s promises to drastically change our understanding of Jupiter. Juno will whip through the Jovian system on an elliptical orbit, measuring the planet’s gravity environment, magnetic field, atmospheric dynamics and composition, as well as the interaction between its interior, atmosphere and magnetosphere. It’s an in-depth study that will ultimately help us understand Jupiter’s origin and evolution, which will in turn explain our own Solar System as well as distant ones.

Astronomers suspect that giant planets play a significant role in planetary formation. As a spinning ask of gas and dust begins coalescing into a solar system, the gas giants form first. They absorb material that might otherwise be absorbed or blown away by the host star, and as they become larger their formidable mass pulls on smaller nascent planets enough to have an impact on their final orbits. The lives of planets, asteroids, and comets can be shaped by a gas giant like Jupiter as much as they are by their host star.

When it comes to our own Solar System, current competing theories about planetary formation come with different predictions on the content of Jupiter’s core. By measuring this composition, Juno will be able to eliminate which theories are wrong, hopefully leaving us with a clear answer. And by measuring the amount of water and oxygen in the planet, Juno will shed light on how these heavier elements spread through our young solar system, possibly helping explain how elements necessary for life reached Earth. And because Jupiter-like planets are a common type of exoplanet found by missions like Kepler, understanding our own gas giant will give scientists a benchmark for studying distant solar systems. Extrapolating lessons learned from our own system, we might be able to better narrow down the search for systems capable of harbouring life.

So while Jupiter might seem familiar, this is only the second dedicated mission we’ve ever sent to the gas giant. And if everything works on Juno, the scientific payoff could be incredible.

Additional sources: NASA Pioneers 10 and 11; NASA Voyager at Jupiter; NSSDC Jupiter page; NSSDC Galileo results; NASA Galileo mission page; NASA Juno mission page; NASA Juno; NASA Juno Press Kit; NSSDC PIoneer 0.

You're reading Why You Should Be Really Excited That Juno Is At Jupiter

Why You Should Be Using Named Ranges In Excel

A named range is just a range (either a single cell, or a range of cells) to which you assign a name. You can then use that name in place of normal cell references in formulas, in macros, and for defining the source for graphs or data validation.

Table of Contents

Using Named Ranges in Excel

For example, let’s look at a simple order form. Our file includes a fillable order form with a dropdown to select the shipping method, plus a second sheet with a table of shipping costs, and the tax rate.

Version 1 (without named ranges) uses normal A1-style cell references in its formulas (shown in the formula bar below).

Opening the Name Manager window from the Formulas tab displays a list of the range names and the cell ranges they reference.

But named ranges have other benefits also. In our example files, the shipping method is selected using a dropdown (data validation) in cell B13 on Sheet1. The selected method is then used to lookup the shipping costs on Sheet2.

Without named ranges, the dropdown choices must be manually entered since data validation will not allow you to select a source list on a different sheet. So all of the choices must be entered twice: once in the dropdown list, and again on Sheet2. In addition, the two lists must match.

If an error is made in one of the entries in either list, then the shipping cost formula will generate an #N/A error when the erroneous choice is selected. Naming the list on Sheet2 as ShippingMethods eliminates both problems.

You can reference a named range when defining the data validation for a dropdown list by simply entering =ShippingMethods in the source field, for example. This allows you to use a list of choices that are on another sheet.

And if the dropdown is referencing the actual cells used in the lookup (for the shipping cost formula), then the dropdown choices will always match the lookup list, avoiding #N/A errors.

Create a Named Range in Excel

Note that range names cannot include spaces, although they can include underscores and periods. Generally, names should begin with a letter and then contain only letters, numbers, periods, or underscores.

Names are not case-sensitive, but using a string of capitalized words, such as TaxRate or December2023Sales, makes the names easier to read and recognize. You cannot use a range name that mimics a valid cell reference, such as Dog26.

You can edit your range names or change the ranges they refer to using the Name Manager window.

Note also that each named range has a defined scope. Normally, the scope will default to Workbook, which means the range name can be referenced from anywhere within the workbook. However, it is also possible to have two or more ranges with the same name on separate sheets, but within the same workbook.

For example, you might have a sales data file with separate sheets for January, February, March, etc. Each sheet could have a cell (named range) called MonthlySales, but normally the scope of each of those names would only be the sheet containing it.

Thus, the formula =ROUND(MonthlySales,0) would give February sales, rounded to the nearest whole dollar, if the formula is on the February sheet, but March sales if on the March sheet, etc.

To avoid confusion in workbooks having multiple ranges on separate sheets with the same name or simply complicated workbooks with dozens or hundreds of named ranges, it can be helpful to include the sheet name as part of each range name.

This also makes each range name unique, so that all the names can have a Workbook scope. For example, January_MonthlySales, February_MonthlySales, Budget_Date, Order_Date, etc.

Two cautions regarding the scope of named ranges: (1) You cannot edit the scope of a named range after it is created, and (2) you can only specify the scope of a new named range if you create it using the New button in the Name Manager window.

If you create a new range name by typing it in the Name Box, the scope will default to either Workbook (if no other range with the same name exists), or to the sheet where the name is being created. Therefore, to create a new named range whose scope is limited to a particular sheet, use the Name Manager “New” button.

Finally, for those who write macros, range names can be easily referenced in VBA code by simply placing the range name within brackets. For example, instead of ThisWorkbook.Sheets(1).Cells(2,3) you can simply use [SalesTotal] if that name refers to that cell.

Why Google Should Be Nervous About Android’s Future

Google’s Android operating system has certainly rocked the mobile industry over the last three years. With multiple manufacturers offering hundreds of feature-packed handsets around the world, the little green robot certainly has a lot going for it.

However, stiff competition from Apple and Microsoft, along with dozens of lawsuits coming from seemingly every direction, look to stop Android’s explosive growth dead in it’s tracks. How long can the mobile OS survive in this hostile industry?

Here’s a snippet from a recent report on the topic by FOSSPatent‘s expert analyst, Florian Mueller:

“Google’s cavalier attitude toward other companies’ intellectual property is starting to backfire in seriously harmful ways. Samsung is only the first Android OEM to suffer economic damage by not being able to launch products in certain markets. It won’t be the last. Motorola Mobility and HTC are also under pressure.”

Mueller is referring to an ongoing injunction in Australia that is barring Samsung from launching its Galaxy 10.1 tablet in the country. Apple won a major court battle last week, extending the slate’s temporary ban for several more months. By the time Samsung is elegible to sell its tablet in Australia, the device will be nearly a year old.

The final decision will be the one to watch though, says Mueller.

“If Apple wins the Australian case at the end of the main proceeding, all Android-based products will effectively be shut out of the Australian market forever, unless Google or its device maker partners settle with Apple.”

We all know that Apple won’t settle. It’s not in the business of licensing its IP (Intellectual Property), and it certainly doesn’t need the money. It seems as if the company won’t stop until Android partners quit using Android all together.

But it’s not just Apple. Microsoft has also been using its extensive IP portfolio against Android handset-makers. HTC pays the Redmond-based company a $5 licensing fee for every Android handset it sells, and Samsung just hatched out a similar deal.

$5 per phone is a fairly large amount when you consider how small the typical handset-maker’s profit margins are. Not everyone has a Tim Cook. Why do you think Samsung and HTC were both in the conversation as possible webOS buyers? Between lawsuits and licensing fees, Android (the “free software”) is getting too expensive.

And it gets worse. Android’s biggest threat to its existence isn’t even a competitor, it’s Oracle. The company owns thousands of Java-related patents, and is taking Google and its mobile OS to court over several of them. Here’s an excerpt from a recent court brief:

“Oracle will prove at trial that Google deliberately chose to base its Android software platform on Java tecnology, seeking to develop and deploy Android rapidly and to capitalize on the large community of Java software developers… Google chose to take its chances and push forward with Java, helping itself to Oracle’s intellectual property without a license.”

So because of Android, not only are all of its major manufacturing partners involved in litigation, but now Google is too. To me, it looks like the company cut a lot of corners in a rush to get its mobile OS to market, and now it’s paying for it.

What’s your take on Google’s long list of patent woes?

What Is Instagram And Why You Should Use It Full Guide?

What is INSTAGRAM this question most of the peoples search on Google because till now also they did not know what is INSTAGRAM I know INSTAGRAM is a so.

much popular app and so many people’s know about it but there are some people’s did know about INSTAGRAM because they using smart pone at first time or new user at INSTAGRAM etc. and they want to know about INSTAGRAM so if.

you also INSTAGRAM user then this article for you also because in this article I will guide what is INSTAGRAM how to created an INSTAGRAM account how to use INSTAGRAM and many more so let’s start knowing about INSTAGRAM.

What is INSTAGRAM?

INSTAGRAM is a photo’s and video’s sharing social networking site where you can share your photos and videos with your followers and friends and you can also.

Also read: Blocked On Snapchat: Figure Out What-To-Do, The Fixes, and FAQs

How to create an INSTAGRAM account?

First you have to download INSTAGRAM app from play store or app store after downloading INSTAGRAM app and when you open it you will see buttons like.

How to use INSTAGRAM?

For using INSTAGRAM perfectly you have to know all the INSTAGRAM feature and buttons so let’s see what they are after creating your INSTAGRAM account you will see buttons like.

Home

Plus button

Heart button

Profile button

So let’s see how this buttons was works.

Home:

The home button will show you photo’s and video’s of your INSTAGRAM following peoples for example you follow any business man like bill gates than all bill gates photos and videos show on your INSTAGRAM home page and at to left you will see.

story button:

In this button you can able to keep any story like on whatsapp status but the different is in INSTAGRAM story button you will get so many filters like Q&N task animals filters photos filters and many more. and you can also go live on INSTAGRAM and share with your followers.

Search:

The search button help you to find any peoples or any companies account on INSTAGRAM and you will see trending videos and photos in search and you will also see sub buttons like.

Top

Accounts

Is War Really In Decline?

Just over a century ago, Europe embarked on the first of two ugly, horrendous, horribly violent world wars. Since 1945, despite half of a century of nuclear standoff, multiple smaller conflicts, and the birth of dozens of new nations out of the dying bodies of empires, big wars don’t seem to happen any more. Author Steve Pinker, in The Better Angels Of Our Nature, argues that war is declining, killing fewer people, and no longer how nations choose to resolve conflicts. Bear Braumoeller, a political science professor at Ohio State University, disagrees, seeing the recent trend as more statistical anomaly than historical fact. On August 29, he presented a paper arguing this at the American Political Science Association conference in Chicago. Nations, the paper says, are just as likely to go to war as they have always been. We caught up with Braumoeller to learn more:

Popular Science: How long has this debate [about whether war is in decline] been going on in political science?

Bear Braumoeller: About 10 years ago John Mueller wrote a book about war in decline. For a long time his was a minority position until Pinker’s book popularized it.

Popular Science: The catchiest line from your paper is that it will take 150 years to know if the trend is holding. What’s some more background on that?

Braumoeller: Some of this literature points to “the long peace” of post-World War II. Obviously we haven’t stopped fighting wars entirely, so what they’re referring to is the absence of really really big wars like World War I and World War II. Those wars would have to be absent for like 70 to 75 more years for us to have confidence that there’s been a change in the baseline rate of really really big wars.

We need a big enough sample to rule out the historical average, which is about one or two big wars per century.

That’s sort of a separate question from how we know whether there are trends in warfare in general. We need to understand that war and peace are both stochastic processes. We need a big enough sample to rule out the historical average, which is about one or two big wars per century. We just haven’t had enough time since World War I and World War II to rule out the possibility that nothing’s changed.

Popular Science: So it seems to me like big wars are a relatively rare event, so a slightly longer time between them is well within the statistical norm, rather than evidence of a trend away from them. Are human events that subject to chance? Is it entirely fair to be treating it as a matter of probability?

Braumoeller: Think of it like a coke machine that gives you your coke sometimes and sometimes it doesn’t give you your coke. The output looks like random chance, to the people who are pushing things and trying to get drinks out. Inside the machine, everything is mechanical. But as observers, we can’t see that internal detail, so it just looks like probability, even though it isn’t.

An example I use is that we didn’t go to war in the Cuban Missile Crisis. That came down to one person’s decision not to use nuclear weapons on a Russian submarine. That person’s decision probably wasn’t a matter of probability, but everything else was in place.

There are structural factors that predispose a system or a collection of states to start fighting each other, and those causes are deeper than the actual territorial dispute that’s the spark, say.

Popular Science: You have this measure called “warlikeness” that you use.

Braumoeller: Here’s the trick. I’m taking a look at the number of uses of force. When you use force, you’re rolling the dice; no idea how long or involved the war is going to be. So what I’m looking at is uses of force over time. And that’s a problem, because the number of opportunities to use force over time has changed. For one thing, we have more countries than we used to have. For another, not all those countries are relevant to one another. In pairs like Bolivia & Botswana, what happens in Bolivia is pretty irrelevant to what happens in Botswana, and vice versa.

I’m trying to control for the opportunity to go to war, so I can capture a pure measure of the willingness to go to war.

Popular Science: There are models that eliminate pairs based on distance. How do you narrow the pairs?

Braumoeller: In the paper there are two methods. The most conservative is continuity–the country has be adjacent to, or have a sea border of no more than 150 miles, another in order for the pairing to be considered politically relevant. That’s a really strict rule–the U.S. is politically relevant to far more countries than that.

The other end of the spectrum, the measure that I came up with, uses a statistical measure to create a continuous spectrum of political relevance, based on distance and the capabilities of the strongest country. Lots of countries are highly politically relevant to the U.S., the U.K. is more of a regional player with some potential for farther-flung interests, Egypt is very much a regional player, and Chile, hardly any countries are politically relevant to it.

Political Relevant Spectrum

The United States, with great power and great reach, finds a lot of countries politically relevant. Chile? Not so much.

Popular Science: It seems like this data, starting in the 1500s, covers a time when there were fewer countries but they were bigger ones. How much does country size factor into this?

Braumoeller: When you’ve got a small number of big states facing off against each other, for one thing they’re stronger, and once those empires and big states break up into smaller countries, those smaller parts are weaker, and many of them are further apart. The fact that we’ve gone from a small number of large countries to a big number of smaller, weaker countries means that the opportunity for countries to fight each other has declined.

Popular Science: Why the focus on the major wars? There’s clearly been wars fought since World War II, so why talk about the big wars?

Braumoeller: Only because “The Long Peace” after World War II is something that’s occasionally cited by people as evidence that major war is going away. I think the real heart of the evidence is in the trends and uses of force, controlling for distance and political relevant. It’s more of a brush burning exercise. The argument is out there that, after 70 years of peace, we don’t have to worry about war any more. Both war and peace can be treated as stochastic processes. We don’t really have enough evidence yet to claim that.

It’s easy to say that 70 years of peace is not an unusual stretch of peace between world wars. The harder question is “how long will we have to wait before we can say this with reasonable certainty?” and I think the answer “150 years” is going to surprise a lot of people.

I think the answer “150 years” is going to surprise a lot of people

Popular Science: Where would you like to see research on this go from here?

Braumoeller: I am turning it into a book. The main motivation for this is that we study wars and conflict using data to the best of our ability. And, obviously, I think this is worth doing, because this is what I do for a living, but we ought to be able to come up with a concrete answer about whether or not war is on the increase or decrease or if the frequency of warfare is even changing. That ought to be something that we as a discipline should be able to do. If we can’t even do that, we should probably hang up our hats and go do something else.

Vickers Machine Gun, World War I

5 Reasons You Should Be Playing World Of Warships

If you’ve yet to sample the open-water warfare delights of World of Warships, you’re missing out.

For the uninitiated, World of Warships is a naval-warfare themed MMO released back in late 2023, but don’t let the comparatively old age of this game fool you – it’s a doozy.

Players duke it out in sea-faring war vessels, plotting tactical courses to destroying their enemies with all the strategic brilliance of an admiral.

Should you require a little more convincing, here are five reasons you should be playing World of Warships.

1. Warships Galore

Channeling the heyday of naval warfare of the First and Second World Wars, World of Warships offers no less than 200 ships for players to commandeer and set upon the seven seas.

We have destroyers for those favoring speed, stealth, and attacking their enemies under cover of the waves with destructive torpedoes.

There are fast-firing cruisers designed to both versatile against other ships and airborne aircraft in equal measure, whether it be defending a fleet or spearheading an attack.

Then, there are the massive battleships capable of devastating attacks, but equally able to sustain damage while watching valiantly over the rest of your fleet.

And, finally, aircraft carriers that bridge the gap with the skies by offering a launching pad for aerial attacks, scouting, and coordinating versatile grand battle strategies.

2. Play As One of The 20th Century’s Most Powerful Naval Powers

The ships are impressive, but we’d be nowhere without the grandest naval powers of yesteryear.

In World of Warships, you can play as the USSR, USA, UK, Japan, Nazi Germany, France, and Italy.

Alongside you can play as regional cohorts. There’s Pan-Asia bringing together vessels from China, Thailand, Korea, and Indonesia. The Commonwealth allying nations from the former British Empire. Finally, we have a Pan-America faction and a European contingent.

The beauty of offering such a generous spread of nations is that each of them has strengths and weaknesses, adding the strategic depth of the game. One may be better suited to a particular task while failing miserably at another.

3. Intense Naval Battle Locations

We’ve got the ships and the naval powers, but where World of Warships truly comes into its element is the diverse real-world naval battle scenarios, each with dynamic weather ranging from obscuring mist to storm ridden choppy seas.

These sandbox maps are located all over the globe from the polar ice caps to the idyllic turquoise water tropics, by way of narrow straits and the islands of the Aegean Sea, and everything in between. There’s even a map set in space with asteroids and a vacuum in place of the seas.

4. Gripping PvP Skirmishes

You’ve chosen your ship, assigned a naval power to your fleet, and chosen a map; now, it’s time to jump into battle. In what is among the most thrilling, not to say, intense player versus player combat of any game we’ve come across in recent years, World of Warships’ online multiplayer component is nothing short of exhilarating.

If it sounds a bit too much, you can also team up with friends and play against bots for a slightly more forgiving experience while you ply your trade as a commander.

5. It’s Free To Play

While all the above are reason enough to try out World of Warships, the best part is that it is entirely free-to-play. The gameplay also unlocks access to new ships and goodies, rather than having to fork out cash through micro-transactions. It’s a grind, but an all too pleasant one.

You can, however, opt for a paid premium account for extra XP boosts or unlock new ships and tech with real-world currency if you are so inclined.

Update the detailed information about Why You Should Be Really Excited That Juno Is At Jupiter on the Achiashop.com website. We hope the article's content will meet your needs, and we will regularly update the information to provide you with the fastest and most accurate information. Have a great day!