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Introduction to TypeScript Functions

Any programming language has its own set of predefined functions. And some functions are going to be defined by us. Functions are the main building blocks of any programming paradigm. If you know JavaScript functions then it is a lot easier to know about typescript functions. Typescript is a superset of JavaScript and for typescript, you need to be familiar with its ES6 syntax.

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How to Define TypeScript Functions?

Syntax:

function add(a,b) { return a*b; }

We will also see the same example for anonymous functions.

Example:

function add(a: number ,b: number): number { return a*b; } How to Call TypeScript Functions?

If you are writing any function, then it has to be called to execute it. Writing function is known as a function definition in programming. We are calling the function with the function name and a pair of parenthesis.

For example, let’s take the above add function. We will call that function as below.

add(5,10); How to Return TypeScript Functions?

In this example you can see there are many situations where we have used return keyword is just to return value from it. We can return any type of value. If you want to return something from a function at that time you must use return statement with the semicolon. We can only return one and only one value from a single function. While returning the value we must check that returning value and type function should be the same so that the caller get the return value.

Example:

function cake():string { return "Welcome to the world of cakes" } function bake() { var bakery = cake(); console.log(bakery); } bake()

Look at the above example carefully, here we have two functions one is bake and the other is cake. We are calling function cake inside the function bake. And function cake returning the string value. In the bake function, we are assigning our functional call to the variable bakery. Then we log that variable to the console. Upon executing this we will get “Welcome to the world of cakes ” as an output. It is easy to understand with little practice.

What is Parameterized TypeScript Functions?

The parameter is the case where a user has to give some value to work on. The parameter has to be considered important if mentioned. We must have to give respective values to each parameter in typescript. In programming, while working with parameterized functions no arguments should be matched with no of arguments.

Example:

function student(fName: string, lName: string) { return fName + " " + lName; } let student1= student ("John", "roy");

We will look at the example. Take the same function student and we will try to make some parameters optional.

Example:

function student(fName: string, lName?: string) { return fName + " " + lName; } let student1= student ("John");

In above example we just gave value for first name parameter. And it will work without the second parameter. Now it will not show any error.

Now, other than this if we wanted to give some default value to the parameter then we can do that.

Example:

function student(fName: string, lName: string = "rey") { return fName + " " + lName; } let student1= student ("John");

Now, the above program will work correctly without any errors. It is fine to give a default value to the parameter.

Examples of TypeScript Functions

Following are the examples as given below:

Example #1

Here in the above example, we used an arrow function. Note that here we are not using the return statement because as per the convention if we have only one statement and i.e return statement then we don’t need to write it explicitly. This is shorthand syntax and is most commonly used in typescript.

Example #2

We can call one function as many times as we want, look at the below example to know more.

function student(fName: string, lName?:string) { return fName + " " + lName; } student ("John"); student ("sam"); student ("ken"); student ("bren");

And simultaneously we made last name parameter optional. So that we don’t need to give the second parameter.

Example #3

Another example we are going to look for rest parameters. Till now we have seen parameters like optional, default and required. But there is one more case to this. What if we don’t know how much parameters the function will exactly take.

We will make use of the ellipsis (…) operator here. Again we will take the above example of a student.

function student(fName: string, …remainigStudents: string [] ) { return fName + " " + remainigStudents.join(" "); } let allStudents = student("john", "sam", "reema", "kerry", "jem");

If you look closely we have given n no of arguments. But in a function definition, we just gave two parameters. But look at that three dots(…0) before the second parameter. It is called ellipsis. Which helps us do so.

Writing functions and work on them needs some debugging skills. For working with functions you need to understand the ES6 features of JavaScript.

Conclusion

Working with functions is the most important thing because by combining these functions we are designing the functionality. Functions in typescript are referred to as ES6 syntax. This is mostly seen with the arrow functions. ES6 is an ECMASript standard for JavaScript. We also have ES7 now and more releases will come in the future with some new features.

Learn What The Typescript Module?

Introduction to TypeScript Module

TypeScript Modules is a file that contains functions, variables, or classes. These typescript modules are executed within their own scope and not in the global space. Starting with ECMAScript 2023, TypeScript has shared this concept of modules from JavaScript. Variables, classes, functions, etc. are declared in a modular way and are not visible outside the module unless and until these are explicitly exported using one of the available export forms. In the same way, consume any variable, class, function, or interface, etc. are exported from another module, hence these are to be imported using one of the available import forms.

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Modules are decorative and relationships among modules are specified based on imports and exports at the file level. The module loader is responsible for locating the dependencies and executing dependencies of a module before executing at runtime. Some of the modern loaders used in JavaScript are NodeJS loaders for RequireJS loader and CommonJS modules for AM modules in web applications.

Modules are designed in such a manner so that code is organized, and these are divided into 2 modules,

Internal Module

External Module

Syntax:

Here is the Syntax for TypeScript Module, which are of two types; Import-Module and Export Module

Internal Module Statement:

Importing an exported declaration is done using one of the below import statements.

import { sample_file } from "./sample_file";

Import statements can also be renamed as below,

import { sample_file as sf } from "./sample_file";

This import module can also be used to import the entire module into a single variable as below,

import * as sample_file from "./sample_file";

External Module Statement:

Any particular declaration such as variables, functions, class, interfaces, or type aliases can be exported using the export keyword.

export interface sample_file { }

For NodeJS applications, Modules are default and developers recommend modules over namespaces.

Examples of TypeScript module

Let us see how TypeScript Module work with few examples

Example #1 – Simple TypeScript Module example

In script.ts

export function multiple(x: number, y: number): number { log(`${x} * ${y}`); return x + y; } function log(message: string): void { console.log("Numbers", message); }

In index.ts

import { multiple } from "./script"; console.log('Value of x*y is:', multiple(4, 2));

Output:

We need to run the chúng tôi module as chúng tôi is imported into the index file.

Example #2 – TypeScript Module Employee program

In Employee.ts

export interface Employee { total(); }

In Company.ts

import employee = require("./Employee"); import employer = require("./Employer"); function drawAllShapes(shapeToDraw: employee.Employee) { shapeToDraw.total(); } drawAllShapes(new employer.Employer())

In Employer.ts

import employee = require("./Employee"); export class Employer implements employee.Employee { public total() { console.log("There are total of 500 employees in our Company"); } }

Compilation Output:

On compiling the below commands,

tsc Employee.ts tsc Employer.ts tsc Company.ts

With these commands, .js files are created with the same names.

Employee.js, chúng tôi and chúng tôi files are created, as below

chúng tôi

"use strict"; exports.__esModule = true;

chúng tôi

"use strict"; exports.__esModule = true; exports.Employer = void 0; var Employer = /** @class */ (function () { function Employer() { } Employer.prototype.total = function () { console.log("There are total of 500 employees in our Company"); }; return Employer; }()); exports.Employer = Employer;

chúng tôi

"use strict"; exports.__esModule = true; var employer = require("./Employer"); function drawAllShapes(shapeToDraw) { shapeToDraw.total(); } drawAllShapes(new employer.Employer());

Output:

In TypeScript, as import and exports are available in Modules, re-exports also serve an important role i.e. exports other modules and expose the properties. Re-export is not importing locally or introducing a local variable. In such cases, re-exporting such cases either use original or rename it.

Example #3 – Student Details using TypeScript Module

In Student.ts

export class Student { stuCode: number; stuName: string; constructor(name: string, code: number) { this.stuName = name; this.stuCode = code; } displayStudent() { console.log ("Student Code: " + this.stuCode + ", Student Name: " + this.stuName ); } }

In StudentDetails.ts

import { Student } from "./Student"; let empObj = new Student("Karthik", 101); empObj.displayStudent();

Compilation Output:

On Compiling .ts files, JavaScript files are created as below

In Student.js

"use strict"; exports.__esModule = true; exports.Student = void 0; var Student = /** @class */ (function () { function Student(name, code) { this.stuName = name; this.stuCode = code; } Student.prototype.displayStudent = function () { console.log("Student Code: " + this.stuCode + ", Student Name: " + this.stuName); }; return Student; }()); exports.Student = Student;

In StudentDetails.js

"use strict"; exports.__esModule = true; var Student_1 = require("./Student"); var empObj = new Student_1.Student("Karthik", 101); empObj.displayStudent();

Output:

Conclusion

With this, we conclude our topic ‘TypeScript Module’. We have seen what the TypeScript module is and how it works. Syntactically checked both the various version of Modules, be it Internal or import syntax; External or export syntax. It is a very simple way to use modules in TypeScript; be it in understanding the dependencies between the components. While these native modules are not supported, users can simply use modules with SystemJS or RequireJS and migrate to Native form. As modules import one another using a module loader, at runtime, the module loader is responsible for locating and executing all the dependencies of modules before execution.

Typescript Remove Item From Array

Introduction to TypeScript remove item from an array.

In typescript, deleting or removing an element is defined as extracting an element of the specified index of an array and replacing that element with a new element or completely deleting that item from the array is known as removing an item in the array. Therefore, removing an element in the array is a process of removing or deleting any item from the given array with the help of methods provided by typescript arrays such as pop(), shift(), and splice() functions & delete operator are used for removing the item in array but delete() function is only used when we want to remove the property from array object with its hole left in the array which cannot be shifted as index or keys don’t shift id delete() function is used. So it is recommended not to use the delete operator.

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In typescript, to remove an element in the array, we use different functions, and each has a different syntax.

Splice()

This is the array function used for updating the array by adding or removing elements using the splice() function with the given arguments whether to remove or add the elements t the array according to the arguments passed to this function.

arr1.splice( index_num, no_of_ele, [ele_to_add1],[….., n]);

Parameters:

index_num: This parameter specifies the index number from where to start altering or updating an array.

num_of_ele: This parameter specifies the number in integer format of how many numbers of elements after the particular index specified must be removed.

Ele_to_add: This parameter specifies the set of elements to be added to the array after removing the old elements from the array.

This splice() function returns the updated array after removing and adding the elements to the array according to the arguments specified.

Shift()

Syntax: arr2.shift()

This array function is used to remove an element in the array where this function has no parameter as it always removes the first element of the given array. It also returns the same removed element, which is a single element returned.

pop()

Syntax: arr3.pop()

This is also an array function used for removing the element in the array and works exactly opposite to the shift() function. This function also has no parameters as it always removes the last element from the given array, where this element itself is returned as the return value of this function.

How to remove an element or item from the array in typescript?

Examples:

In the below example, we will demonstrate the splice() function for removing the element in the array.

console.log(" Demonstration of removing element in the array using splice() function") var course_arr1 = ["Perl", "Java", "Python", "Fortan", "Ruby", "Unix"]; console.log(" The given array is as follows: ") console.log(course_arr1) var ele_rem1 = course_arr1.splice(4, 1); console.log(" The removed element from the given array is: " + ele_rem1); console.log(" The updated array after removing one element is:") console.log(course_arr1)

Output:

In the above program, we first declare an array with elements and its value as “course_arr1”, which consists of 6 elements, and indexing starts from 0. Therefore, when the splice() function is applied to this array having passed the parameters as (4,1), which indicates to remove the element from index 4 and remove only 1 element. Thus this results in the updated array where the element at the 4th index is removed, and the new array consists of only 5 elements, and the output of the above code can be seen in the above screenshot.

Example:

Now let us demonstrate the pop() function for removing an element from the end of the array.

console.log(" Demonstration of removing element in the array using pop() function") var course_arr1: number[] = [10, 20, 30, 40 ,50]; console.log(" The given array is as follows: ") console.log(course_arr1) var ele_rem1 = course_arr1.pop(); console.log(" The removed element from the given array is: " + ele_rem1); console.log(" The updated array after removing last element is:") console.log(course_arr1)

In the above program, we have declared an array of number type, which consists of 5 elements in the array. Then after applying the pop() function to the given array, it removes the last element by default as it will not take any arguments. Therefore, this function returns the removed element instead of an updated array, and therefore we are displaying the updated array after removing the element, which now consists of only 4 elements using console.log().

Example:

console.log(" Demonstration of removing element in the array using shift() function") var course_arr1: string[] = ["Google", "Educba", "Institute", "Delhi"]; console.log(" The given array is as follows: ") console.log(course_arr1) var ele_rem1 = course_arr1.shift(); console.log(" The removed element from the given array is: " + ele_rem1); console.log(" The updated array after removing first element is:") console.log(course_arr1)

Output:

In the above program, we declare an array that consists of 4 elements, and then we have applied the shift() function, which works exactly opposite to the pop() function as it removes the first element of the given array always as we do not pass any argument to this function where it results in the updated array with 3 elements which removes the first element. The output can be seen in the above screenshot.

Conclusion

In this article, we conclude that in typescript, we can remove an item in the array using 3 different array functions where; it is important to note that we use these functions according to their descriptions as given in the above article. In this, we also have recommended not to use the delete operator for removing, which doesn’t mean we cannot remove the element using this operator. Therefore we conclude that we use the functions and operators as per the requirements.

Textsplit, Textbefore And Textafter Functions

It’s been a long wait, but we finally have some exciting new Excel text functions that are going to make life so much easier. In this tutorial I’m going to focus on TEXTAFTER, TEXTBEFORE and most exciting, TEXTSPLIT. The first two functions are fairly self-explanatory, and so is TEXTSPLIT to a degree. However, in this tutorial I’m going to show you some cool tricks that aren’t immediately obvious and aren’t covered in Microsoft’s documentation.

Note: At the time of writing these functions are currently only available to Microsoft 365 users on the Insider channel, but hopefully they’ll be generally available to all Microsoft 365 users soon.

UPDATE: since filming this tutorial these functions have had additional arguments added to them as a result of feedback received while in the beta testing phase. The written tutorial below has been updated, but the video is based on the original function syntax. All examples, except example 5 for TEXTSPLIT, still apply with the updated syntax.

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TEXTAFTER Function

The TEXTAFTER function extracts the text from a string that occurs after the specified delimiter.

Syntax: =TEXTAFTER(text, delimiter, [instance_num], [match_mode], [match_end], [if_not_found])

input_text The text you are searching within. Wildcard characters not allowed. Required. delimiter The text that marks the point after which you want to extract. Required. instance_num The nth instance of text_after that you want to extract. By default, n=1. A negative number starts searching input_text from the end. Optional. match_mode Determines whether the text search is case-sensitive. The default is case-sensitive. Optional. Enter 0 for case sensitive or 1 for case insensitive. Optional. match_end Treats the end of text as a delimiter. By default, the text is an exact match. Optional. Enter 0 to not match the delimiter against the end of the text, or 1 to match the delimiter against the end of the text. Optional. if_not_found DValue returned if no match is found. By default, #N/A is returned. Optional.

TEXTBEFORE Function

The TEXTBEFORE function extracts the text from a string that occurs before the specified delimiter.

Syntax: =TEXTBEFORE(text, delimiter, [instance_num], [match_mode], [match_end], [if_not_found])

input_text The text you are searching within. Wildcard characters not allowed. Required. delimiter The text that marks the point before which you want to extract. Required. instance_num The nth instance of text_after that you want to extract. By default, n=1. A negative number starts searching input_text from the end. Optional. match_mode Determines whether the text search is case-sensitive. The default is case-sensitive. Optional. Enter 0 for case sensitive or 1 for case insensitive. Optional. match_end Treats the end of text as a delimiter. By default, the text is an exact match. Optional. Enter 0 to not match the delimiter against the end of the text, or 1 to match the delimiter against the end of the text. Optional. if_not_found DValue returned if no match is found. By default, #N/A is returned. Optional.

And if you want to extract just the domain name you can wrap TEXTBEFORE in TEXTAFTER:

TEXTSPLIT Function

The TEXTSPLIT function splits text strings using column and, or row delimiters.

Syntax: =TEXTSPLIT(text, col_delimiter, [row_delimiter], [ignore_empty], [match_mode], [pad_with])

input_text The text you want to split. Required. col_delimiter One or more characters that specify where to spill the text across columns. Optional. row_delimiter One or more characters that specify where to spill the text down rows. Optional. ignore_empty Specify TRUE to create an empty cell when two delimiters are consecutive. Defaults to FALSE, which means don’t create an empty cell. Optional. match_mode Searches the text for a delimiter match. By default, a case-sensitive match is done. pad_with Text entered in place of blank results.

We’ll use the text string below in the TEXTSPLIT function examples. You can see it has several delimiters we can use including forward slash, space, comma and parentheses.

Sydney/2000 (11%),Riverina/2678 (42%),Newcastle/2300 (9%),Illawarra/2500 (23%)

Note: The above text string is in cell C14 and will be referenced in the examples below.

Example 1.1 – Split text by comma delimiter across columns:

An easy way to split this string is by comma delimiter and we can write that formula like so:

Notice it spills the results to columns C:F in a dynamic array. We can then reference this array using the array spill operator # as follows: =C18#

Example 1.2 – Split text by comma delimiter down rows:

Notice the two commas after C14 instruct Excel to skip the col_delimiter argument.

Example 2.1 – Split text by comma delimiter and forward slash across columns:

Notice the data after the forward slash is discarded.

Example 2.2 – Split text by comma delimiter and forward slash down rows:

Example 3 – Split text by all delimiters down rows:

In this formula the TEXTSPLIT function does the bulk of the work:

=SUBSTITUTE(

TEXTSPLIT(C14,,{",","/","("}),")

","")

Notice the delimiters have been entered in an array constant with curly braces:

=SUBSTITUTE(TEXTSPLIT(C14,,

{",","/","("}

),")","")

And then the SUBSTITUTE function cleans up the closing parenthesis:

SUBSTITUTE

(TEXTSPLIT(C14,,{",","/","("})

,")","")

Example 4 – Split text into rows and columns:

Here I’ve used both the row and column delimiters. This formula also requires TRUE in the ignore_empty argument to ensure the spacing of the results is correct.

Example 5 – Handing errors:

In this example we’re using a slightly different text string shown in cell C61 in the image below. Notice Newcastle is missing data and ‘Byron Bay’ on the end also has no data and none of the delimiters, which results in errors:

The last argument in the TEXTSPLIT function is ‘padding’ and we can use this field to hide or replace errors returned by gaps in the data with something else. In the example below I’ve entered the word ‘padding’ so you can see.

Alternatively, you can enter two double quotes to simply hide the errors:

What Are “Super Apps,” And Which Companies Are Building Them?

If you want to book an Airbnb, get some food delivered, pay a bill, chat with your friends, and get a personal masseuse sent to your apartment, how many apps will you need? If you live in a decently-sized Asian city, odds are you’ll only need one – a “super app.”

Though most haven’t spread out of Asia yet, apps like WeChat, Alipay, Grab, Go-Jek, Paytm, Kakao, and Line are becoming an essential part of life in many places. Most started with a few functions, like chatting with friends, making payments, or hailing rides, but have essentially turned into miniature operating systems for life.

The super app model makes sense: it’s an easy way to get access to many different services, saves phone space, and frees users from having to hunt down lots of different apps. There are significant downsides as well, though, particularly when it comes to privacy and competition.

The trend is also catching on in Latin America – another mobile-first culture. North American and European companies like Facebook, Uber, and Amazon are eying the possibility of becoming regional super apps as well. But with a lot of super-app services already dominated by individual companies, it won’t be easy for even these tech giants to become anything close to a western WeChat.

Super app superstars

Without a doubt, the current king of super apps is Tencent’s WeChat – an app that more than two-thirds of the Chinese population uses, many of them for an average of several hours a day. WeChat and its competitor app, Alipay, are so frequently used for mobile payments that paying for things by cash or card is actually becoming a challenge.

Some of the biggest drawbacks of super apps are also evident in things here, though. The sheer scale of WeChat and Alipay is effectively suppressing competition, as anyone who wants to bring a new service to users typically does it through one of those apps. Privacy is also a major concern, as the more things users can do in a single app, the more that app can learn about them, and that’s more than a little concerning in a country that is working on implementing a social credit score for its citizens.

Pretty much every other super app is a “light” version of WeChat. They aggregate services in the same way, but you’re unlikely to open one until it’s time to order food or get a ride. They’re handy, but most users wouldn’t place them in the same category as electricity and Internet. That said, they still do a lot, and all of the below apps bear watching:

Go-Jek (Indonesia and Southeast Asia): Over 20 services ranging from mobile payment to mobile massage therapists.

Grab (Singapore and Southeast Asia): One of Southeast Asia’s most successful startups, they started with ride-hailing and are now used for e-payments, food delivery, and several other features.

Paytm (India): Backed by Alibaba (of Alipay), Paytm provides e-payments, financial services, ride-hailing, shopping, and lots of other services to India’s population.

Rappi (Colombia and Latin America): It started out as an app that connected users to couriers that could pick up and deliver pretty much anything, but it is moving into areas like e-payments, scooter sharing, and financial services.

Super apps: coming to an app store near you?

Currently, Europe, Australia, Africa, and the U.S and Canada don’t have any apps that could be described as “super.” Particularly in the US, this is the result of digital goods and services evolving somewhat gradually, with innovative companies staking out and defending different territories. Japan and Korea are in a similar boat. Though Line and Kakao are super apps, the more gradual development of their digital services meant that there were more limited opportunities for any one company to come in and grab large parts of multiple markets.

Of course, every company still wants to be that super app, so they’re trying nonetheless. Facebook Messenger’s leader, David Marcus, has described WeChat as “inspiring” in the past, and if you’ve been keeping track of the app’s developments over the past few years, you’ll notice some parallel developments. Their move towards payments with Libra is an especially big step in the “super app” direction, but the amount of pushback they’ve gotten on that illustrates the uphill battle they’re facing.

Uber has also declared its intent to become an “operating system for everyday life.” They’ve started by combining Uber and Uber Eats into one app and have expanded the transportation options you can find. They even have a freight company now – Uber Freight, in case you didn’t know.

Then there’s Amazon, which is already pursuing super app status in India, where it offers e-payments, flight bookings, ride-hailing, food delivery, and more, either directly or through companies it has acquired.

Do we even want/need a super app?

Super apps are undeniably convenient and make life a bit simpler, but bundling those services together under one corporate umbrella might not turn out to be the best idea for the digital ecosystem in the long run. Competition helps drive innovation, and it prevents any one company from having too much power.

The most likely scenario is that we’ll end up with several different ecosystems with super app characteristics. Messenger and Uber might not become America’s WeChat and Grab, but they’ll probably add some useful features in their efforts to get there.

Image credits: The screenshot of WeChat, Grab, GoJek, Uber, Paytm

Andrew Braun

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What Are Exploits And Exploit Kits?

We have seen what is meant by Security Vulnerabilities in computer parlance. Today we will see what is an Exploit and what are Exploit Kits. When a vulnerability is detected, an exploit follows, until a patch is issued to address the vulnerability. This is the basic difference in vulnerabilities and exploits. Now let us see them in a bit more detail – what are exploits and exploit kits.

A patch in time helps in preventing exploits. At the time of writing this article, the POODLE vulnerability was the biggest vulnerability known to people which made SSL 3.0 prone to exploits.

What are Exploits?

Exploits are based on vulnerabilities – before they are patched. They allow hackers and attackers to run malicious code on your computer, without you even bing aware of it. The common Exploits our in Java, Doc & PDF documents, JavaScript and HTML.

One can define exploits as:

Thus, it is clear that “exploits” follow “vulnerabilities”. If a web criminal detects a vulnerability in any of the products on the Internet or elsewhere, she or he may attack the system containing the vulnerability to gain something or to deprive authorized users of using the product properly. Zero-day vulnerability is a hole in software, firmware or hardware that is not yet known to the user, vendor or developer, and is exploited by hackers, before a patch for it is issued. Such attacks are called Zero-day exploits.

What are Exploit Kits?

Exploit Kits are malicious toolkits that can be used to exploit vulnerabilities or security holes found in software and services. In short, they help you exploit vulnerabilities. These exploit kits contain a good GUI interface to help even average users of the computer and Internet to target different vulnerabilities. Such kits are these days available freely on the Internet and come with Help documents so that the buyers of the service can use the kits effectively. They are illegal but are yet available and security agencies cannot do much about it, as the buyers and sellers go anonymous.

Commercial exploit kits have existed since at least 2006 in various forms, but early versions required a considerable amount of technical expertise to use, which limited their appeal among prospective attackers. This requirement changed in 2010 with the initial release of the Blackhole exploit kit, which was designed to be usable by novice attackers with limited technical skills—in short, anyone who wanted to be a cybercriminal and could afford to pay for the kit, says Microsoft.

Exploit kits are readily available on the Internet. You need not go into the Darknet or Deepnet to purchase an exploit kit as standalone software or as a SaaS (software as a service). Though it is much available in the Darknet, payments are to be made in an electronic currency such as the Bitcoins. There are many malicious hacker forums on the normal Internet that sell the exploit kits as a whole or as a service.

According to Microsoft,

“In addition to one-on-one transactions in which buyers purchase exclusive access to exploits, exploits are also monetized through exploit kits—collections of exploits bundled together and sold as commercial software or as a service.”

Apart from keeping your operating system and installed software up-to-date at all times and installing a good Internet security software, tools like SecPod Saner Free can help you identify and patch vulnerabilities and protect yourself against such attacks.

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