Trending December 2023 # Static Type Checker For Javascript Programs # Suggested January 2024 # Top 12 Popular

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Introduction to TypeScript Handbook

The typescript handbook has been planned to be a complete document that demonstrates typescript to everyday programmers. We can interpret the handbook by proceeding from the top to the bottom in the left-hand side navigation, and we can look forward to each chapter or page by giving a strong grasp of the provided concept. The objective of the typescript handbook is to be a static type-checker for JavaScript programs as it is not absolute language defining but it is considered as a guide to all languages features, it can run previous to the implementation of the code.

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The typescript handbook is not totally created for language description, but it can also be utilized as a guide to all the language features and bearing in which a reader can able to look through and also can able to recognize frequently used syntax and design. The handbook is also planned to be a substitution for the language defining, in some of the conditions the bearing of it can be skipped in commendation of the high-level, uncomplicated to understand. Instead of that, it has different reference pages which are more accurately able to describe. The reference pages of it cannot able to deliberate for readers which are not familiar with typescript so they can utilize the up-to-date terminologies that have not been scrutinized so far.

How is TypeScript Handbook Structured?

The structure of the typescript handbook is divided into two parts:

1. The Handbook

The purpose of the TypeScript handbook is to demonstrate the typescript to the developers every day and the handbook is in the form of a document, in which developers can scrutinize the handbook by going from top to bottom which is available on the left-hand navigation. We can look forward to every chapter or page that can give us a powerful comprehension of the provided hypothesis; it is not an accomplished language definition but it is deliberated to be a general guide to all language attributes and etiquette.

The reader who finished the exercise that should be able to:

Understand and study frequently utilized syntax and design of the typescript.

Demonstrate the outcome of major compiler options.

Forecast the attitude of the type system in most instances.

In profit of transparency and verbosity, the main content of the handbook will not inspect each border of the features that are being counterbalanced, we can also search out the additional set out on the special concept.

2. Reference Files

This component of the handbook in the navigation is constructed to give a plentiful comprehension of how the specific section of the typescript can slog, in which we can able to scrutinize it from top to the bottom but every portion focus to give an intense simplification of a single concept which means there is no focus on flow.

Basic Types of TypeScript Handbook

Given below are the basic types of TypeScript Handbook:

1. Union Type

Two types can be merged by using ‘union type’, which can also be created from two or more other types. It can act for values that may be one of those types. Let us see the function which can be utilized on strings or numbers.

console.log(“This is your id: ” + id); } printId(1001); printId(“2001”); printId({yourID: 333441});

Output:

2. Object Type

In JavaScript basically, the data can proceed through objects but in TypeScript, that data can be constituted by object types.

Code:

function greet (human: {name: string; age: number}) { return "Hi" + human.name; }

In this example the function which can be used holds objects having the property ‘name’ which is the string, and the age which is the ‘number’.

3. Erased Type

Code:

"use strict"; function greet(human, date) { console.log("Hi".concat(human, ", today is ").concat(date.toDateS } greet ("Clove", new Date ()); 4. Explicit Type

Let’s use one example to illustrate what the explicit type is.

Code:

function greet (human: string, date: Date) { console.log ("Hi, ${human}, today is ${date.toDateString()}") }

We have not informed the typescript what ‘human’ or ‘date’ are so we have corrected the code to inform that the typescript that ‘human’ is ‘string’ and ‘date’ should be the ‘Date’ object and we have utilized ‘toDateString()’ method on ‘date’.

TypeScript Handbook Help to Engineers

Educating JavaScript to the Experts: JavaScript can be learned from a variety of resources, including books, as there is no need to take part in it. The primary goal of the handbook is to assist engineers in understanding the process of TypeScript construction on JavaScript so that such a focus on our documentation can create assumptions about the background and avoid describing JavaScript features from the ground up. This is not to say that we do not want to respect people based on various skill levels with the help of a handbook.

Educate Gradually: We need to construct concepts on top of everyone in a straight way to keep away from the typescript features which are not described, such restriction can perform a very nice task of compelling us to re-think the order and classify the language concept.

Interpret the Everyday Cases: Around 8 years the typescript has not removed any feature which is documenting all the feasible utilization and workable options for any concept which has been passed out of their authority of the handbook and into also through our growing portion of reference pages.

Conclusion

In this article, we conclude that the typescript handbook can help the programmers to plan the total document which can signify the typescript. We have also discussed how the typescript handbook has been structured, the basic types of typescript handbook, and also how the typescript handbook helps the engineers with an introduction.

Javascript Program For Quicksort On Singly Linked List

The Singly-linked list is a linear data structure that consists of nodes. Each node contains the data and the pointer to the next node which contains the memory address of the next node because the memory assigned to each node is not continuous.

Sorting is a technique by which we make all the elements of a particular data structure such as a linked list, array, vector, etc in a properly sorted manner in either increasing or decreasing order (if not specified in increasing order). We will see the proper code and the explanation in this article.

Introduction to Problem

In this problem, we have to implement the quicksort algorithm on the singly linked list. QuickSort is a kind of sorting algorithm or technique that is implemented using recursion and has the best time complexity of O(N * log(N)).

Recursion is a prerequisite to the quicksort algorithm. Recursion is a programming pattern in which we define a function that will keep calling itself with the inputs (that are passed as the parameters) keep decreasing or increasing in value. There will be a base condition present by which the recursive calls end. Let’s see the steps to implement the quicksort algorithm before implementing it in the code format.

Approach

To implement the QuickSort on the singly-linked list we are going to follow these steps −

To get a pivot node at the proper position, we will use the partition function.

The last element in the partition function is marked as a the pivot.

Then we will traverse the current list and relocate any node with a value larger than the pivot after the tail. If the node has a lower value, it should remain in its present or the current place.

At the end we will return the node that is the pivot.

We will find the linked list’s tail node on the left side of the pivot and repeat for the left side of the linked list.

Similarly, following the left side, repeat for the linked list on the pivot’s node right side.

As the entire linked list is now sorted, return the head of the linked list after connecting the left and right linked lists.

Example class Node { constructor(data) { this.value = data; chúng tôi = null; } } var head = null function addNode(value) { var temp = new Node(value); if(head == null) { head = temp; } else{ var current = head; while (current.next != null) { current = current.next; } chúng tôi = temp; } } function print(head) { var temp = head; var ll = ""; while (temp.next != null) { temp = temp.next; } console.log(ll) } function partitionLast(first , last) { return first } var prev_pivot = first; var cur= first; var pivot = last.value; while (first != last) { if (first.value < pivot) { prev_pivot = cur; var temp = cur.value; cur.value = first.value; first.value = temp; cur = cur.next; } first = first.next; } var temp = cur.value; cur.value = pivot; last.value = temp; return prev_pivot } function quickSort(first, last) { return; } var prev_pivot = partitionLast(first, last); quickSort(first, prev_pivot); if (prev_pivot != null && prev_pivot == first){ quickSort(prev_pivot.next, last); } else if (prev_pivot != null && prev_pivot.next != null) { quickSort(prev_pivot.next.next, end); } } addNode(30); addNode(3); addNode(4); addNode(20); addNode(5); var end = head; while (end.next != null) { end = end.next; } console.log("Linked List before sorting"); print(head); quickSort(head, end); console.log("Linked List after sorting"); print(head); Time and Space Complexity

The time complexity of the above code is not constant and totally depends upon the given input, but on an average the time complexity of the above code is O(N*log(N)) and this is also the best case of the current sorting algorithm. Worst case of the quicksort algorithm is O(N*N), which is in-effecitve.

The space complexity of the above code is O(N) due to the recursion stack.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, we have implemented a JavaScript program for quicksort on a singly linked list. The Singly-linked list is a linear data structure that consists of nodes. QuickSort is a kind of sorting algorithm or technique that is implemented using recursion and has the best and average time complexity of O(N * log(N)) and Recursion is a prerequisite to the quicksort algorithm. The worst case for the time complexity of the above code is O(N*N).

Javascript Program For Equilibrium Index Of An Array

The position where the sum of the elements to its left and right equals one another is known as the equilibrium index of an array. To put it another way, if we take a look at an array of size n, the equilibrium index i is a point such that −

arr[0] + arr[1] + ... + arr[i-1] = arr[i+1] + arr[i+2] + ... + arr[n-1]

where i is the equilibrium index and arr is the input array. We may alternatively state that the array is divided into two parts by the equilibrium index i such that the total of the elements in the left and right sections are equal.

For Example −

Let’s consider the following array −

A = [2, 4, -3, 0, -4, 6, 1] In this sequence, the equilibrium index is 3 (element 0) because (2+4-3) = (-4+6+1). It is also balanced with another equilibrium index 5 (element 6) because (2+4-3+0-4) = (1). Problem Statement

Given an array of integers, find the index of the equilibrium point of the array. If there is no equilibrium point, return -1.

Example

Consider an array of integers −

[3, 7, 1, 5, 10, 2, 7, 9]

The equilibrium index of this array is 4 because the sum of elements before the index (3+7+1+5 = 16) is equal to the sum of elements after the index (2+7+9 = 18).

Method 1: Using the Loop

Use two loops: the outer loop iterates through all of the elements, while the inner loop determines whether or not the current index selected by the outer loop is an equilibrium index. The time complexity of this approach is O(n2), which will be explained later. The usage of two loops is simple. The goal is to find the sum of elements for each range of indexes and see if an equilibrium index exists. The outer loop traverses the array, while the inner loop assesses whether or not there is an equilibrium index.

Algorithm

Use two loops

Outer loop iterates through all the elements and the inner loop checks out whether the current index picked by the outer loop is either an equilibrium index or not.

Run a loop through the array

For each index, find the sum of elements towards the left and right of the current index

If the left_sum and right_sum are equal, then the current index is the equilibrium index

Otherwise, return -1

The time complexity of this solution is O(n2)

Example

const arr = [-7, 1, 5, 2, -4, 3, 0];

let equilibriumIndexFound = false;

for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) { let leftSum = 0; let rightSum = 0;

for (let j = 0; j < i; j++) { leftSum += arr[j]; }

for (let j = i + 1; j < arr.length; j++) { rightSum += arr[j]; }

if (leftSum === rightSum) { document.body.innerHTML += `The equilibrium index of the array is ${i}`; equilibriumIndexFound = true; break; } }

if (!equilibriumIndexFound) { document.body.innerHTML += `There is no equilibrium index in the array`; }

Please keep in mind that the preceding code is only for demonstration purposes and should not be used in production because it is not optimised. It has an O(n2) time complexity, which is inefficient for big arrays.

Method 2: Prefix Sum

Another way to calculate an array’s equilibrium index is the prefix sum method. With this method, we first compute the array’s prefix sum, which is the sum of elements from the array’s beginning to the current index. Then, using the prefix sum, we loop through the array, checking if the total of elements to the left of the current index equals the sum of elements to the right of the current position.

Algorithm

Determine the array’s prefix sum.

Iterate through the array and use the prefix sum to see if the sum of items to the left of the current index equals the sum of elements to the right of the current position.

Return that index as the equilibrium index if the sum of the components to the left equals the sum of the elements to the right.

If no equilibrium index exists, return -1.

Example

function equilibriumIndex(arr) { let n = arr.length;

let prefixSum = []; prefixSum[0] = arr[0]; for (let i = 1; i < n; i++) { prefixSum[i] = prefixSum[i – 1] + arr[i]; }

for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) { let leftSum = (i == 0) ? 0 : prefixSum[i – 1]; let rightSum = prefixSum[n – 1] – prefixSum[i]; if (leftSum == rightSum) { return i; } }

return -1; } let arr = [-7, 1, 5, 2, -4, 3, 0];

let result = equilibriumIndex(arr); if (result == -1) { document.write(“No equilibrium index found”); } else { document.write(“Equilibrium index is ” + result); }

Note − The time complexity of the prefix sum approach to find the equilibrium index of an array is O(n), where n is the size of the array

Method 3: Two Pointers

In this method, we can keep track of two pointers, one at the start and one at the end of the array. With these two pointers, we can then calculate the left and right sums and shift the pointers towards each other until we obtain the equilibrium index.

Algorithm

Initialize leftSum and rightSum as 0 and n-1 as the right pointer.

Traverse the array from left to right.

At each element, add the element to the leftSum and subtract it from the rightSum.

If leftSum equals rightSum, return the current index as the equilibrium index.

If no equilibrium index is found, return -1.

Example

Note − The time complexity of the prefix sum approach to find the equilibrium index of an array is O(n), where n is the size of the array.

Conclusion

In this blog we have talked about finding the equilibrium index of an array by various methods. Some of them are using loop, prefix sum and two pointer approaches. Ho[e you found this information useful.

How To Uninstall Programs On A Mac

How To Uninstall Programs On A Mac-2023 Easiest Way to Uninstall Unwanted Programs from your Mac!

Are you okay with it? Or you want to learn how to uninstall apps you no longer want to use, without leaving leftovers?

Well, if you want to keep your Mac optimized and junk-free, the latter will be your choice. To learn how that can be done, read the post till the end.

An app can be saved in a custom folder.

Some apps might have associated files stored at different locations.

Some apps are saved onto unusual locations, this makes removing them a bit difficult.

Due to these reasons, when you manually uninstall apps, leftovers remain. Hence, here we are with what can be done to completely uninstall apps from your Mac.

Before we get into details, if you are running out of time, we have a quick solution for you.

Short on Time? Try this Fastest Way to Uninstall Apps from Mac

Download Advanced Uninstall Manager the professional and excellent way to uninstall apps without leaving leftovers. This uninstallation utility for Mac scans the Mac for apps installed on it. Once you have the scan results, you can select the apps that you wish to uninstall along with their corresponding files. This helps completely remove the selected program without leaving any traces. Moreover, using it you can manage login items thereby boosting boot time and making Mac machines run faster.

How to Uninstall Apps From Mac

If you’ve found an unwanted application running on your Mac, or a specific application is giving issues and you just want to uninstall it, remember alongside the app, its preferences, support files and hidden files (if any) also need to be removed.

For this, you will have to search your Mac for the app and will have to navigate every nook and cranny for app-related files and delete them. This can be done by using any of the following options:

Using Trash

Using LaunchPad

Using a native uninstaller

If you would ask me, what I prefer for my Mac, my answer is Advanced Uninstall Manager – an app designed specifically for uninstalling the app. With a simple-to-use interface, this app can be used by anyone to sweep away unnecessary programs and manage login items.

Now that we know what I prefer, let us move ahead and delete some apps, using both manual and automatic ways.

Best Ways to Uninstall Apps from Mac 1. Removing Apps from Mac Via Trash

Whether you are using macOS Big Sur or an earlier version of macOS, the steps to manually uninstall apps remain the same. Here are the steps to remove the app from Trash.

2. Select Applications from the left sidebar

3. Search the app you want to uninstall.

4. Press Command + Delete.

Doing so will remove the app moved to Trash from Mac. But this doesn’t mean app leftovers are also gone. To completely delete the program and its associated files manually, you will have to find all the related files. This means doing an in-depth search for the files linked with the app you have uninstalled.

We understand this is not easy, hence, here we will list some of the common locations where common files of each app are stored. To get rid of these leftovers, simply navigate to each of these folders and look for the app you want to uninstall. When you find files with the app name, move them to Trash.

So, these are the locations that you need to check manually for associated files:

/Applications/ find Binary and dock icons

~/Library/Application Support, here Application support files saved

~/Library/Caches store Support Caches

~/Library/Internet Plug-Ins/ saves Plugins

~/Library/ for Library

~/Library/Preferences/ for App preferences

~/Library/Application Support/CrashReporter/ App crash reports

~/Library/Saved Application State/ here you will find App saved states

Alongside this, there are some hidden files that a user cannot access. If somehow, you can access them then macOS will stop you from deleting some app files. This means, uninstalling apps manually is not easy.

However, if you are insistent upon doing it manually, ensure you don’t delete a necessary file Also, always look for the app name in the files you are removing. In case you cannot find one, don’t remove the file you are not sure as doing so might cause problems with Mac functionality.

2. Uninstalling Apps from Mac Using Launchpad

2. Look for the app you want to uninstall.

This will remove the selected app from your Mac. After following these steps, make sure you remove the leftovers else your Mac will be cluttered.

Tip – How to delete apps from Mac that won’t delete?

Now try to uninstall it either using the manual steps or use the Advanced Uninstall Manager, the easy method to completely delete apps from Mac.

3. Uninstall Apps with Advanced Uninstall Manager (Recommended)

For me deleting an app is not as easy as installing it. Therefore, I always consider it as a task for some other day and end up wasting a lot of storage space unnecessarily. Due to this, lately, my Mac started showing the Disk almost full error message. Hence, I decided to take the help of a reliable Mac uninstallation tool like Advanced Uninstall Manager to remove applications alongside associated leftover and belonging files.

Deleting apps using Advanced Uninstall Manager is a pretty straightforward process. Simply, follow the steps stated below:

STEP 1 = Download and install Advanced Uninstall Manager on your MacBook. It can be easily run on the latest macOS 12 Monterey version.

STEP 2 = Launch this Best Mac Uninstaller and you’ll be presented with a clean and intuitive dashboard.

STEP 6 = This will delete the selected app along with its related files from your Mac.

Advanced Uninstall Manager displays the file size of each app and all its belonging files, this makes identifying and uninstalling the heaviest programs an easy task. Another major benefit of using this best Mac uninstaller is its ability to manage login boost Mac speed and startup time.

Is it possible to delete system apps using Advanced Uninstall Manager?

No, Advanced Uninstall Manager does not let you delete system apps like Safari. However, using it you can manage login items.

4. Deleting app using the native uninstaller

Certain apps, especially third-party apps that you download from the internet come with a built-in uninstaller, using which you can delete the app and its files.

Open the folder, find the launcher, and follow on-screen instructions this will help remove the selected app.

That’s it, using these simple steps and Advanced Uninstall Manager, you can easily clear app leftovers, manage login items and boost Mac speed. Also, it helps make space for other important data. We hope you enjoyed reading the post and will give Advanced Uninstall Manager a try to uninstall apps along with their corresponding files.

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Preeti Seth

Web Tips: Amazon Cloud Drive, Gmail Autoresponder, Ie Spell Checker

As you may recall, Amazon recently unveiled its new Cloud Drive service, which provides 5GB of free online storage. (Elsewhere I explained how you could bump your limit to 20GB for under a buck.) The only downside? To access it, you have to use Amazon’s Web-based interface. It’s not bad, but not nearly as convenient as, say, a local hard drive.

Enter Gladinet Cloud Desktop, which makes your Amazon Cloud Drive accessible from within Windows Explorer, just like, say, a flash drive. (Incidentally, it can do likewise with your Gmail, Picasa, SkyDrive, and other accounts.) It’s free, it’s easy, and it works.

After installing the program, just choose Amazon Cloud Drive from Gladinet’s list of supported services. Then enter your username and password, and presto: the program “maps” your storage as a drive on your PC. From there you can copy files to and from it like you would any other drive (albeit a little more slowly–they are moving to the Internet and back, after all).

By the way, this won’t work unless you’ve already uploaded at least one file to your Cloud Drive using conventional means (i.e. Amazon’s Web interface). Also, if you want to do any heavy-duty file syncing, plan on investing in the $50 Pro version of Gladinet. (I think most users will be able to get by just fine with the free version.) The software is available in 32-bit and 64-bit versions for Windows XP, Vista, and 7.

Set Up an E-Mail Auto-Responder in Gmail

Taking a vacation? Planning to be away from your computer for more than a day or two? If you’re a Gmail user, there’s an easy way to make sure that friends, family members, co-workers, and others get an answer to their e-mails–even when you’re traveling.

It’s called a “vacation responder,” and it sends an automated reply to anyone who e-mails you during a designated time.

It takes all of 60 seconds to set up, and it can even terminate automatically upon your return. Go to Gmail Help to learn how.

Add a Spell-Checker to Internet Explorer

Among the many reasons I’m partial to Firefox is that Mozilla’s browser has long offered a built-in spell checker. (Not that I need it, of course–we payd riters learnt gud speling in skool.)

Internet Explorer, even in its latest release, doesn’t do bad spellers any favors. Thankfully, there’s Speckie, a free Internet Explorer add-on that provides real-time spell checking.

If English isn’t your primary language, you’ll be glad to know that Speckie comes with a whopping 24 dictionaries, with languages ranging from Croation to Vietnamese.

Bottom line: if you’re an Internet Explorer user who needs a spell-checker for e-mail, Web forms, and other browser-based activities, Speckie gets the job done quickly and efficiently.

If you’ve got a hassle that needs solving, send it my way. I can’t promise a response, but I’ll definitely read every e-mail I get–and do my best to address at least some of them in the PCWorld

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How Boolean Type Works In Powershell?

Definition of PowerShell Boolean

PowerShell Boolean operators are $true and $false which mentions if any condition, action or expression output is true or false and that time $true and $false output returns as respectively, and sometimes Boolean operators are also treated as the 1 means True and 0 means false.

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Syntax:

Boolean type is the form of the output and its output is True or False but for the syntax, it uses the comparison and conditional operators to compare the two or multiple values.

And there are other syntaxes based on the commands and conditions as well. Which are shown in the examples.

How Boolean type works in PowerShell?

When evaluating the Boolean expression it compares the left side of the value to the right side of the value. If the value of the left side is equal to the value of the right side then it is evaluated true otherwise false as shown below.

"Hello" -eq "hello"

Output:

It depends on the condition we apply. For example, the above operator is not case sensitive. If we use the case-sensitive operator then the output will be false. For example,

"Hello" -ceq "hello"

Output:

In the Boolean type, 1 is treated as $true, and 0 is treated as $false. For example,

-not 0

Output:

In the above examples we have seen that the left side of the object is compared to the right side of the object in the -EQ operator but let evaluate the below expressions.

2 -eq $true

Output:

In the above example, the first is true but the second is false. So when the first example is true, its reverse should be also true but the Boolean operator doesn’t work that way. It works on the typecasting and the left side of the object type plays the main role here. In the first example, 2 is automatically type-casted to Boolean while in the second example, $true is type-casted to the integer as shown below.

[int]2 -eq [int]$true

Output:

Condition like IF/Else also uses the Boolean output. If the condition is true then it uses the ‘IF’ block, otherwise else block is executed. For example,

else{“5 is less than 6”}

In the above example, if the condition checks whether the expression is true or false and that is a Boolean value and based on it, the script executes the block.

Few commands also directly return the Boolean values like Test-Path, Test-Connection, etc.

Test-Path C:Temp10vms.csv

Output:

While Test-Connection, by default doesn’t produce the Boolean output but when we add -Quiet parameter, it produces the Boolean output.

Test-Connection chúng tôi -Count 2 -Quiet

Output:

Dollar + QuestionMark syntax ($?) also produces the Boolean output. It checks whether the last command run was successful or failed and it gives the output accordingly.

Output:

Examples

Let us discuss examples of PowerShell Boolean.

Example #1: Using Comparison Operators to check Boolean values.

10 -ge 11

Output:

With String objects,

“abc” -ne “abc”

Output:

Example #2: Using the cmdlets

Using those cmdlets which returns the output Boolean type. For example,

Test-Path command.

This command directly returns the Boolean value based on the path existence. For example,

Test-Path C:Temp

Output:

Test-Connection command.

Some command returns the value but not the Boolean value but they support parameter which returns the Boolean value. For example, the Test-Connection command uses -Quiet parameter to return a Boolean value.

Test-Connection chúng tôi -Count 2 -Quiet

Output:

}

Output:

Example #3: Commands without supported Boolean output parameter

Some commands don’t support the output which has true or the false value as the output and in that case, we can use those commands inside the IF/else condition to handle the Boolean output.

}

Output:

You can also use the Where block after a pipeline to evaluate if the output is true or false. For example,

}

Output:

In the above example, if the process doesn’t exist, it produces the output false and executes the else condition. Otherwise, the true output and will execute the IF condition.

Example #4: Boolean type output for multiple conditions

When there are multiple conditions used, the output will be as below.

-And will check if both the conditions are true then the output is True, otherwise False.

-OR will check if any of the condition is true then the output is True, otherwise False.

(6 -lt 5) -or (4 -gt 5)

Output:

Conclusion

Boolean types (True and False) are very useful while working with the scripts. While writing scripts, programmers need to evaluate the previous output and moves to the next commands if they are true or false. It also helps to create a flow chart properly for scripts.