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Introduction to PHP Get First Element of Array

In PHP we have multiple methods to get the first value form the array. To get the first value we can directly pass the index, but there can be some situation where we do not know the index of the first element so for this we have several methods available in PHP which are in build. In PHP, to get the first element we have methods as, [pass_index], reset () method, array_values() method. All this method will return us the first element from the array. we will discuss all ways to get the first element from the array in PHP in detail from the next section.

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Syntax

1. By passing index;

$myarr = array("value1", "value2", "value3", "value4", "so on.."); $myarr[your_index];

2. reset() :

reset($your_array);

3. array_values ():

array_values($your_array)[your_index];

As you seen in the above syntax we have three different ways to get the first element from the array. Out of which two are methods which are already available in PHP and other one is direct passing of index.

How to Get First Element of Array in PHP?

There may be some situation where we need to access the first element from the array. But in order to access that we have the right to access and get its value from the array. For this, we have three ways defined in PHP to get the first element from the array. suppose we may have one requirement where we need to delete the first element from the array, so in that case, we can do this by using these methods and delete records. In this section, we will discuss all three ways in very much details to get an understanding of the methods and different ways to access the first element. Let’s start to see below;

1. By using the reset() Method

By the use of this method, we can easily access the first element from the array. This method always points the pointer to the first element from the array. Let’s have a look at its signature defined in PHP and what parameters it takes. see below;

e.g. :

reset($myarr);

As we can see above this method take no parameter. This parameter would be the array from which we want to access the first element. This method will return FALSE if there is no element present inside the array, simply means the array is empty. If not empty this method will return the first element from the array. Simple example for beginners to use this while programming see below;

e.g. :

$myarr = array("100", "200", "300", "400", "00"); echo reset(myarr);

These lines of code will return us the first element from the array. We are just passing the array inside the method.

2. By using the direct index

This is the most common way to get the first element form the array, it is applicable and used in any programming language to access the array element.

$myarr = array("100", "200", "300", "400", "00"); echo $myarr[0];

As you can see we are just passing the index of the using the ‘[]’ square brackets, but this is not useful when we have a different index for our array element or we do not know the index of the element inside array. But in a simple scenario, it will return us the first element from the array.

3. By using current() Method

we can also use current() method to get the first element from the array. This method always points out to the current element from the array, but this can be used reset() method. Let’s have a look at its method signature and what parameters does it take;

e.g. :

$myarr = array("100", "200", "300", "400", "00"); echo current(myarr);

As we can see it take only one parameter and this would be an array from which we may want to access the first element.

4. By using array_value() Method

This method is also used to get the first element from the array. This method will help us to get all the values present inside the array and after this we can directly access the first element by passing the index.

e.g. :

$myarr = array("100", "200", "300", "400", "00"); echo array_values(myarr)[0];

As you can see in this method we are passing our array, first, it will give us all the values which are present inside the array after this we can immediately access the first element from the array. In the coming section, we will see the working example to get a better understanding of the methods available in PHP.

Examples

In this example, we are using a basic approach to get the first element from an array.

Example #1

<?php echo nl2br (“Demo to get the first element from the array !! n”); $myarr1 = array(“100”, “200”, “300”, “400”, “500”); echo nl2br ($myarr1[0].”n”); $myarr2 = array(“first”, “second”, “third”, “fourth”, “five”); echo nl2br ($myarr2[0].”n”); $myarr3 = array(“hello”, “to”, “all”, “bye”, “bye”); echo nl2br ($myarr3[0].”n”);

Output:

Example #2

In this example, we are using array_values methods to get the first element from the array.

Code:

<?php echo nl2br (“Demo to get the first element from the array using array_values method in PHP!! n”); $myarr1 = array(“100”, “200”, “300”, “400”, “500”); echo nl2br (array_values($myarr1)[0].”n”); $myarr2 = array(“first”, “second”, “third”, “fourth”, “five”); echo nl2br (array_values($myarr2)[0].”n”); $myarr3 = array(“hello”, “to”, “all”, “bye”, “bye”); echo nl2br (array_values($myarr3)[0].”n”);

Output:

Conclusion

Like in other programming language we have most common way to get the first element from the array is by passing the index. Apart from this, we have multiple methods available in PHP to get the value as well. all these methods are in build in PHP we do not need to import or include any library for this can be used directly.

Php Developers Get New Zend Tools

PHP developers will have new ways to easily connect their PHP applications to the cloud, thanks to the latest version of the open source Zend Framework.

Zend Framework 1.8 expands the PHP framework to work with Amazon’s EC2 cloud computing service. Zend Framework has also added new rapid application development (RAD) features to accelerate PHP development.

The Zend Framework is the PHP competitor to .NET, JavaEE and Ruby on Rails (RoR) development frameworks. With the new release, Zend Technologies, the lead commercial sponsor behind PHP, is aiming to build on its enterprise momentum for PHP, after releasing its Zend Server PHP middleware play last month.

“The timing for the release of Zend 1.8 could not be better as we just announced Zend Server and the two play very nicely together,” Zeev Suraski, co-founder and CTO at Zend Technologies, told chúng tôi “Now I think we really have a complete stack available for users. We have the Zend Studio IDE [Integrated development environment] that has Zend Framework support, and Zend Server comes bundles with it, making it a good development and deployment stack for PHP.”

The 1.8 release of Zend Framework is the first update of the framework this year. The 1.7 release introduced Adobe AMF (Action Message Format) support and came out in November.

With 1.8, Suraski explained that the release’s rapid application development (RAD) features give developers the ability to manage and modify applications quickly. The new RAD tools enable developers to create new projects and controls and, in general, develop all sorts of code skeletons for a project.

A new module in Zend Framework for RAD, called Zend_application, further expedites PHP development. Matt Weier O’Phinney, Zend Framework’s project lead, told chúng tôi that Zend_application helps when it comes to bootstrapping apps. Prior to the 1.8 release, developers needed to create a bootstrap script where all the various resources needed are injected into the framework objects.

“It has been a fairly complex process and people had to do manually,” O’Phinney said. “What we’ve done with Zend_application is a standardized way of doing it in order to build up bootstrapping routines.”

Cloud support

With Zend Framework 1.8, Zend is looking to the cloud by providing support for Amazon’s (NASDAQ: AMZN) EC2 services and its S3 cloud storage offering.

“In the S3 classes, we give developers access to the practically infinitely scalable Amazon storage server,” Suraski explained. “As part of the EC2 classes, we give developers the ability to manage EC2 instances — to create, stop and start instances.”

Though Zend is now supporting Amazon’s cloud, it does not yet have support for Google’s AppEngine. That’s despite the fact that Google (NASDAQ: GOOG) has been a past contributor to the Zend Framework with Google Data API support.

Both Suraski and O’Phinney noted that there are no formal proposals at this stage for Google AppEngine support, though O’Phinney said there have been some rudimentary experiments. Google launched its AppEngine with support for the Python language and recently began testing Java support.

Another item that is not yet in Zend Framework is support for Oauth authentication. The Oauth standard is now being implemented or tested on numerous sites as a easy way to do secure Web authentication.

O’Phinney said that while Oauth is not in Zend Framework 1.8, there is a proposal pending for its inclusion, so it could be in as early as the 1.9 release of the framework, coming later this year.

PHP 5.3 and PHP 6

While Zend Framework 1.8 represents an important step forward for PHP developers, another big step is just around the corner thanks to a new release of the PHP language, with PHP 5.3 currently in the release candidate stage and PHP 6 under active development.

“PHP 5.3 is an important step, since PHP 6 is always just around the corner — but the corner keeps running away from us at the same pace we are running toward it,” Suraski said.

He added that the PHP community decided that rather than waiting for PHP 6 to be finalized, some of the ideas originally planned for it could land earlier in PHP 5.3.

One such feature is namespaces, which is a way to encapsulate classes and other PHP items more easily.

“Once it’s out, it will be a very good step for the PHP community as a whole,” Suraski said.

As for when PHP 5.3 will be out, that’s a more difficult question.

“I would not bet on a release date,” Suraski said. “It may be in the next few weeks, but if it is delayed for a few months, it won’t shock me.”

Article courtesy of chúng tôi

Python Program To Rotate Elements Of An Array

After the declaration of an array, the elements of the array until certain index are rotated such that the first elements until the desired index are placed in the last, next to the last element of the array. Let us discuss this with an Input output scenario.

Input Output Scenario

Consider an array arr = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ].

We can clearly say that the initial array consists of 10 elements and the index of the last element is 9.

Let us assume that the array is rotated by two elements.

In this case, the first two elements are placed after the last element “ 10 ”.

Firstly, the element “ 1 ” will be placed after 10 and after the element “ 1 ” is placed, then the next element “ 2 ” will be placed next to 1.

So, the resulting array will be arr = [ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2 ].

Example

In this example, we are going to discuss about the process of rotating certain elements ( all at a time ) of an array by certain number of rotations. The steps that must be followed to construct a program are as follows:

Declare a function or a method that deals with rotating the elements of the array.

( Note that the parameters of the method must consist of the array, the maximum size of the array and the number of rotations that the user require )

Within the method, consider a new array with a variable name “ temp ” in order to store the array elements after rotation.

With the help of a variable “ i ” and a loop, iterate the elements ( up to the index which is equal to number of rotations ) of the array and append the elements one after another into the “ temp ” array.

Consider another loop and iterate the elements from the next index and store them accordingly.

Now, merge the array “ arr ” to the array “ temp ” and store the value into the array “ arr ”.

def rotate_elements(arr, max, no_of_elements): temp = [] i = 0 while (i < no_of_elements): temp.append(arr[i]) i += 1 i = 0 while (no_of_elements < max): arr[i] = arr[no_of_elements] i = i + 1 no_of_elements = no_of_elements + 1 arr[:] = arr[: i] + temp return arr arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] print("The array before rotation is: ", end =' ') print(arr) print("The array after rotation is: ", end=' ') max_size = len(arr) print(rotate_elements(arr, max_size, 2)) Output

The output for the above program is as follows −

The array before rotation is: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] The array after rotation is: [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2] Example

In this example, we are going to discuss about the process of rotating certain elements ( one by one ) of an array by certain number of rotations. The steps that must be followed to construct a program are as follows −

Declare two functions. The first function will be used to iterate all the elements until the total number of rotations and simultaneously, it calls the second method such that after iterating the element, the element will be allowed to be rotated immediately.

( Note that the parameters of the method must consist of the array, the maximum size of the array and the number of rotations that the user require )

In the second method, consider an empty array with a variable name “ temp ” in order to store the array elements after rotation.

Within the help of a variable “ i ” and a loop, iterate all the elements from the index 0 to the last index of the last element and rotate the elements of the array one after another.

Print the elements present in the array “ arr ” after rotation.

def rotate_elements(arr, no_of_elements, max): for i in range(no_of_elements): rotate_one_by_one(arr, max) def rotate_one_by_one(arr, max): temp = arr[0] for i in range(max-1): arr[i] = arr[i+1] arr[max-1] = temp arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] print("The array before rotation: ") print(arr) rotate_elements(arr, 2, 10) print("The array after rotation: ") print(arr) Output

The output for the above program is as follows −

The array before rotation: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] The array after rotation: [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2] Conclusion

We can clearly observe that the output produced by both the programs discussed above are exactly equal. The only difference between the programs is the process followed within the program body and the methods used. In the first program, within a single method, the elements are rotated altogether by using an external array. In the second program, two different methods are used for rotating the elements one after another by calling a method. In this way, the elements of the arrays can be rotated.

Javascript Program For Equilibrium Index Of An Array

The position where the sum of the elements to its left and right equals one another is known as the equilibrium index of an array. To put it another way, if we take a look at an array of size n, the equilibrium index i is a point such that −

arr[0] + arr[1] + ... + arr[i-1] = arr[i+1] + arr[i+2] + ... + arr[n-1]

where i is the equilibrium index and arr is the input array. We may alternatively state that the array is divided into two parts by the equilibrium index i such that the total of the elements in the left and right sections are equal.

For Example −

Let’s consider the following array −

A = [2, 4, -3, 0, -4, 6, 1] In this sequence, the equilibrium index is 3 (element 0) because (2+4-3) = (-4+6+1). It is also balanced with another equilibrium index 5 (element 6) because (2+4-3+0-4) = (1). Problem Statement

Given an array of integers, find the index of the equilibrium point of the array. If there is no equilibrium point, return -1.

Example

Consider an array of integers −

[3, 7, 1, 5, 10, 2, 7, 9]

The equilibrium index of this array is 4 because the sum of elements before the index (3+7+1+5 = 16) is equal to the sum of elements after the index (2+7+9 = 18).

Method 1: Using the Loop

Use two loops: the outer loop iterates through all of the elements, while the inner loop determines whether or not the current index selected by the outer loop is an equilibrium index. The time complexity of this approach is O(n2), which will be explained later. The usage of two loops is simple. The goal is to find the sum of elements for each range of indexes and see if an equilibrium index exists. The outer loop traverses the array, while the inner loop assesses whether or not there is an equilibrium index.

Algorithm

Use two loops

Outer loop iterates through all the elements and the inner loop checks out whether the current index picked by the outer loop is either an equilibrium index or not.

Run a loop through the array

For each index, find the sum of elements towards the left and right of the current index

If the left_sum and right_sum are equal, then the current index is the equilibrium index

Otherwise, return -1

The time complexity of this solution is O(n2)

Example

const arr = [-7, 1, 5, 2, -4, 3, 0];

let equilibriumIndexFound = false;

for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) { let leftSum = 0; let rightSum = 0;

for (let j = 0; j < i; j++) { leftSum += arr[j]; }

for (let j = i + 1; j < arr.length; j++) { rightSum += arr[j]; }

if (leftSum === rightSum) { document.body.innerHTML += `The equilibrium index of the array is ${i}`; equilibriumIndexFound = true; break; } }

if (!equilibriumIndexFound) { document.body.innerHTML += `There is no equilibrium index in the array`; }

Please keep in mind that the preceding code is only for demonstration purposes and should not be used in production because it is not optimised. It has an O(n2) time complexity, which is inefficient for big arrays.

Method 2: Prefix Sum

Another way to calculate an array’s equilibrium index is the prefix sum method. With this method, we first compute the array’s prefix sum, which is the sum of elements from the array’s beginning to the current index. Then, using the prefix sum, we loop through the array, checking if the total of elements to the left of the current index equals the sum of elements to the right of the current position.

Algorithm

Determine the array’s prefix sum.

Iterate through the array and use the prefix sum to see if the sum of items to the left of the current index equals the sum of elements to the right of the current position.

Return that index as the equilibrium index if the sum of the components to the left equals the sum of the elements to the right.

If no equilibrium index exists, return -1.

Example

function equilibriumIndex(arr) { let n = arr.length;

let prefixSum = []; prefixSum[0] = arr[0]; for (let i = 1; i < n; i++) { prefixSum[i] = prefixSum[i – 1] + arr[i]; }

for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) { let leftSum = (i == 0) ? 0 : prefixSum[i – 1]; let rightSum = prefixSum[n – 1] – prefixSum[i]; if (leftSum == rightSum) { return i; } }

return -1; } let arr = [-7, 1, 5, 2, -4, 3, 0];

let result = equilibriumIndex(arr); if (result == -1) { document.write(“No equilibrium index found”); } else { document.write(“Equilibrium index is ” + result); }

Note − The time complexity of the prefix sum approach to find the equilibrium index of an array is O(n), where n is the size of the array

Method 3: Two Pointers

In this method, we can keep track of two pointers, one at the start and one at the end of the array. With these two pointers, we can then calculate the left and right sums and shift the pointers towards each other until we obtain the equilibrium index.

Algorithm

Initialize leftSum and rightSum as 0 and n-1 as the right pointer.

Traverse the array from left to right.

At each element, add the element to the leftSum and subtract it from the rightSum.

If leftSum equals rightSum, return the current index as the equilibrium index.

If no equilibrium index is found, return -1.

Example

Note − The time complexity of the prefix sum approach to find the equilibrium index of an array is O(n), where n is the size of the array.

Conclusion

In this blog we have talked about finding the equilibrium index of an array by various methods. Some of them are using loop, prefix sum and two pointer approaches. Ho[e you found this information useful.

Golang Program To Push An Array Into Another Array

In this tutorial, we will write a go language program to push an array to another array. There are many methods for this. The simplest one is to use equality operator. Here, we will see 3 methods via which we can transfer the contents of one array to another in go programming language.

Method 1: Push an Array of Strings to an Empty Array by using Equality Operator

In this method, we will use equality operator to add the contents of one array to another in the main() section of the program. Note that while transferring elements via this method the elements of the new array will be overwritten.

Syntax func append(slice, element_1, element_2…, element_N) []T

The append function is used to add values to an array slice. It takes number of arguments. The first argument is the array to which we wish to add the values followed by the values to add. The function then returns the final slice of array containing all the values.

func make ([] type, size, capacity)

The make function in go language is used to create an array/map it accepts the type of variable to be created, its size, and capacity as arguments and returns the slice that we can store in the variable.

Algorithm

Step 1 − First, we need to import the fmt package.

Step 2 − Now, start the main() function. Inside this function create two arrays of string data type using make() function and store data in one of these arrays

Step 3 − Then, print these arrays on the screen using fmt.Println() function. After that use equality (==) operator to copy the contents of first array to second one.

Step 4 − Once the array is copied then print the new array thus formed on the screen.

Example

Golang program to push an array of strings to an empty array by using equality operator.

package main import "fmt" func main() { array := make([]string, 0, 3) array1 := make([]string, 0, 3) array = append(array, "Apple", "Mango", "Banana") fmt.Println("The first array is:", array) fmt.Println("The second array is:", array1) array1 = array fmt.Println() fmt.Println("The array obtained after copying the contents is:", array1) } Output The first array is: [Apple Mango Banana] The second array is: [] The array obtained after copying the contents is: [Apple Mango Banana] Method 2: Push an Array of Strings to Another Array using Copy() Function

In this method, we will use copy() library function in go to push the contents of one array to another. Copy is an inbuilt function in go present in strings package.

Syntax func copy(dst, str[] type) int

The copy function in go language is used to copy the values of one source array to the destination array and returns the number of elements copied as the result. It takes the two arrays as an argument and this function is present in strings package.

Algorithm

Step 1 − Import the fmt package.

Step 2 − Start the main() function. Inside this function initialize two arrays of string data type and store values to them using append() function.

Step 3 − Now, print both arrays on the screen and use copy function to copy the contents of first array to the second one.

Step 4 − Once the elements are copied store the number of elements copied in a variable called result and print the final array on the screen along with number of elements copied

Example

Golang program to push an array of strings to another array using copy() function

package main import "fmt" func main() { array := make([]string, 0, 3) var array1 []string array = append(array, "Apple", "Mango", "Banana") array1 = append(array1, "pine-apple", "Cherry") fmt.Println("The first array is:", array) fmt.Println("The second array is:", array1) result := copy(array1, array) fmt.Println() fmt.Println("The array obtained after copying the contents is:", array1) fmt.Println("The number of elements copied are:", result) } Output The first array is: [Apple Mango Banana] The second array is: [pine-apple Cherry] The array obtained after copying the contents is: [Apple Mango] The number of elements copied are: 2 Method 3: Push One Array to another using Append() Function

In this method, we will write a go language program to push the elements of one array to another by using the append() function. When we copy the contents of one array to another by using this function, the current elements of the new array are not overwritten.

Algorithm

Step 1 − Import the fmt package.

Step 2 − Start() the main() function and initialize two arrays. Store data in both arrays and print them on the screen using fmt.Println() function.

Step 3 − Then, use the append function to copy the contents of first array to the second one. The first argument to the function is the array to which we wish to copy the values.

Step 4 − once the array contents are copied to the new array, print the new array thus formed on the screen.

Example

Golang program to push one array to another using the append() function.

package main import "fmt" func main() { array := make([]string, 0, 3) var array1 []string array = []string{"Apple", "Mango", "Banana"} array1 = append(array1, "pine-apple", "Cherry") fmt.Println("The first array is:", array) fmt.Println("The second array is:", array1) array1 = append(array1, array...) fmt.Println() fmt.Println("The array obtained after copying the contents is:", array1) } Output The first array is: [Apple Mango Banana] The second array is: [pine-apple Cherry] The array obtained after copying the contents is: [pine-apple Cherry Apple Mango Banana] Conclusion

We have successfully compiled and executed a go language program to copy the contents of one array to another along with examples. We have made three programs here in the first program we are simply using the equality operator to store the values while in second and third examples we have used go library functions to achieve the result.

Golang Program To Cyclically Permutes The Elements Of The Array

Cyclically means that in every cycle we wish to move the array elements by one position till we get the original array again. Cyclic permutation can be useful in various matrix manipulation and linear algebra operations. In this article, we are going to see different examples to permute the elements of the array cyclically using go programming language.

Syntax func append(slice, element_1, element_2…, element_N) []T

func make ([] type, size, capacity)

Algorithm

Step 1 − First, we need to import the fmt package.

Step 2 − Then start the main() function. Here in this function initialize an array of integers using make() function and append values to it using append() function.

Step 3 − Declare a new variable called n and store the length of array to it. Further, print the array on the screen.

Step 4 − Use a for loop to iterate over the array and shift the elements of the array to left by one position and print the new array thus formed.

Step 5 − Print the new array in each Step until whole of the array is shifted cyclically.

Example 1

In this example, we will use a for loop to permute the elements of the array in cyclic manner. We will use the for loop to iterate over the array and shift the element of the array to left by one position in each Step.

package main import "fmt" func main() { arr := make([]int, 0, 5) arr = append(arr, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) n := len(arr) fmt.Println("The given array is: ", arr) for i := 0; i < n; i++ { last := arr[n-1] arr[j] = arr[j-1] } arr[0] = last fmt.Println("Permuted Array: ", arr) } } Output The given array is: [1 2 3 4 5] Permuted Array: [5 1 2 3 4] Permuted Array: [4 5 1 2 3] Permuted Array: [3 4 5 1 2] Permuted Array: [2 3 4 5 1] Permuted Array: [1 2 3 4 5] Example 2

In this example, we will use the internal append() function of the go programming language to cyclically permute the elements of the array till we get the original array again.

package main import "fmt" func main() { arr := make([]int, 0, 5) arr = append(arr, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) n := len(arr) fmt.Println("Original Array: ", arr) for i := 0; i < n; i++ { arr = append(arr[1:], arr[0]) fmt.Println("Permuted Array: ", arr) } } Output Original Array: [1 2 3 4 5] Permuted Array: [2 3 4 5 1] Permuted Array: [3 4 5 1 2] Permuted Array: [4 5 1 2 3] Permuted Array: [5 1 2 3 4] Permuted Array: [1 2 3 4 5] Conclusion

We have successfully compiled and executed a go language program to cyclically permute the elements of the array. Here we have used two programs. In the first program we are using a for loop to shift the elements of the array by one position till we get the original array again while in the second program we are using an internal function append() to perform the logic and print the array after each Step.

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