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Introduction Linux command-line interface is one of most powerful tools available to system administrators and developers for managing and working with their systems. One of challenges with CLI is that it requires memorizing many commands and options. However, there are tools that make it easier to navigate command line, such as fzf command. In this article, we will introduce fzf command, how it works, and its features.

What is fzf?

fzf is a command-line fuzzy finder, which allows you to easily search through files, directories, and other types of data. It is a highly customizable tool that can be used to filter and search through any type of data on your system.

fzf is written in Go programming language, and it is available for Linux, macOS, and Windows operating systems. tool works by using a fuzzy search algorithm that matches input with available data, and then it ranks results based on relevance.

Features of fzf

fzf comes with a lot of features that make it one of best command-line tools available. Some of features include −

Fuzzy search − fzf uses a fuzzy search algorithm that matches input with available data, making it easy to find what you’re looking for.

Multi-select − fzf allows you to select multiple items at once, making it easy to perform batch operations on your data.

Interactive preview − fzf provides an interactive preview of selected data, allowing you to see what you’re about to work on before you actually perform operation.

Customizable − fzf is highly customizable, allowing you to change default behavior of tool to match your preferences.

Keyboard shortcuts − fzf comes with a lot of keyboard shortcuts that make it easy to use and navigate.

Examples of Using fzf

Here are some examples of how to use fzf command −

Searching for files in a directory

Suppose you have a directory with a lot of files, and you want to find a specific file. Instead of using traditional ls command to list all files and then searching through output, you can use fzf to search for file.

To search for a file in a directory, you can use following command −

This command will list all files in directory, and then fzf will allow you to search for file you want.

Using fzf to search through command history

If you want to search through your command history to find a specific command, you can use following command −

This command will display all commands you have executed previously, and then fzf will allow you to search for command you want.

Searching for a process and killing it

If you want to search for a running process and kill it, you can use following command −

This command will list all running processes on your system, and then fzf will allow you to search for process you want to kill. Once you have selected process, awk will extract process ID, which will then be passed to kill command to terminate process.

Using fzf to navigate to a directory

If you want to navigate to a directory quickly, you can use following command −

This command will list all directories in current directory, and then fzf will allow you to search for directory you want to navigate to. Once you have selected directory, cd command will take you to selected directory.

Using fzf to search through a command’s output

If you have a command that produces a large output, you can use fzf to search through output and find information you need. For example, if you want to search for a specific process using ps command, you can use following command −

This command will display all running processes on your system, and then fzf will allow you to search for process you want to investigate. Once you have selected process, fzf will display a preview of process tree, and awk will extract process ID, which will be printed to console.

Customizing fzf

fzf can be customized to match your preferences by setting environment variables or using command-line options. Some of environment variables you can set include −

FZF_DEFAULT_COMMAND − This variable sets command that fzf will use to generate input. For example, if you want fzf to search through files in a specific directory, you can set variable as follows −

export FZF_DEFAULT_COMMAND='find /path/to/dir -type f'

FZF_DEFAULT_OPTS − This variable sets default options that fzf will use. For example, if you want fzf to use a specific layout, you can set variable as follows −

export FZF_DEFAULT_OPTS='--layout=reverse --preview-window=right:50%' Advanced Usage of fzf Using fzf with Git

If you are working with Git, you can use fzf to select files to commit, checkout, or diff. For example, to select files to commit, you can use following command −

This command will show you files that have been modified, and then fzf will allow you to select files you want to commit. Once you have selected files, awk will extract file names, which will be passed to git add command to stage changes.

Using fzf with Vim

If you are a Vim user, you can use fzf to quickly open files, buffers, or tags. For example, to open a file using fzf, you can use following command −

This command will list all files in current directory, and then fzf will allow you to select file you want to open. Once you have selected file, Vim will open file in a new buffer.

Using fzf with Tmux

If you are a Tmux user, you can use fzf to quickly switch between Tmux sessions or windows. For example, to switch between Tmux sessions, you can use following command −

This command will show you a list of all Tmux sessions you have open, and then fzf will allow you to select session you want to switch to. Once you have selected session, tmux switch-client command will switch you to selected session.

Using fzf with Ranger

If you use Ranger, a file manager for command line, you can use fzf to quickly select files to operate on. For example, to move a file to a different directory, you can use following command −

This command will show you a list of all files in current directory, and then fzf will allow you to select file you want to move. Once you have selected file, fzf will show you a list of all directories in current directory, and then fzf will allow you to select directory you want to move file to. Once you have selected directory, Ranger will move file to selected directory.

Conclusion

fzf is a powerful command-line tool that can make working with Linux command line easier and more efficient. It allows you to search through files, directories, and other types of data quickly and easily, and its highly customizable nature means you can tailor it to your preferences. Whether you’re a system administrator, developer, or power user, fzf is a tool you should definitely consider adding to your toolkit.

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10 7Zip (File Archive) Command Examples In Linux

If you’re a Linux user, you probably deal with file archives frequently. Whether you’re sending files to someone, backing up data, or just organizing your files, compressing them into a single file archive can save a lot of space and make things easier to manage. One tool you can use for this purpose is 7zip. In this article, we’ll cover 7zip command examples in Linux that you can use to compress and extract files in various ways.

What is 7zip? Installing 7zip on Linux

Before we dive into examples, you need to make sure that 7zip is installed on your Linux system. Most Linux distributions include 7zip in their default repositories, so you can use your package manager to install it. For example, on Ubuntu, you can use following command −

sudo apt-get install p7zip-full

On CentOS or Fedora, you can use −

sudo yum install p7zip

If 7zip is not available in your distribution’s repositories, you can download it from official website and compile it from source.

7zip Command Examples in Linux

Now that you have 7zip installed on your Linux system, let’s look at some command examples that you can use to compress and extract files.

Creating a 7z Archive

To create a 7z archive, you can use “7z” command followed by “a” option, which stands for “add.” Here’s an example −

7z a archive.7z chúng tôi chúng tôi file3.txt

This will create a new file called “archive.7z” that contains files “file1.txt”, “file2.txt”, and “file3.txt”. Note that you can add as many files as you want to archive.

Extracting a 7z Archive

To extract a 7z archive, you can use “7z” command followed by “x” option, which stands for “extract.” Here’s an example −

7z x archive.7z

This will extract contents of “archive.7z” file to current directory. If you want to extract files to a specific directory, you can use “-o” option followed by path to directory. For example −

7z x archive.7z -o /home/user/documents

This will extract files to “/home/user/documents” directory.

Compressing with Different Compression Levels

By default, 7zip compresses files with “normal” compression level, which is a good balance between compression ratio and speed. However, if you want to compress files more aggressively or less aggressively, you can use “-m” option followed by compression level. Here are some examples −

7z a -m0=lzma2 archive.7z chúng tôi chúng tôi file3.txt

This will use “lzma2” compression method with “fastest” compression level, which will compress files quickly but with a lower compression ratio.

7z a -m9=lzma2 archive.7z chúng tôi file2

This will use “lzma2” compression method with “ultra” compression level, which will compress files more aggressively but with a slower speed. You can experiment with different compression levels to find one that suits your needs.

Compressing Directories

In addition to compressing individual files, you can also compress entire directories using 7zip. To do this, simply specify path to directory instead of file names. For example −

7z a -m0=lzma2 archive.7z /home/user/documents/

This will compress entire “documents” directory using “lzma2” compression method with “fastest” compression level.

Using Encryption

If you need to encrypt your archives for security reasons, 7zip provides several encryption options. most secure option is AES-256 encryption, which is considered unbreakable by current standards. To use AES-256 encryption, you can use “-p” option followed by a password, and “-mhe=on” option to enable header encryption. For example −

7z a -pMyPassword -mhe=on archive.7z chúng tôi chúng tôi file3.txt

This will create a new file called “archive.7z” that is encrypted with AES-256 and protected by password “MyPassword”. Note that you should choose a strong password and keep it safe, as it cannot be recovered if you forget it.

Splitting Archives

If you need to split your archives into smaller parts for easier transfer or storage, you can use “-v” option followed by size of each part. For example −

7z a -v1m archive.7z chúng tôi chúng tôi file3.txt

This will create a new file called “archive.7z” that is split into 1 MB parts. To extract files from a split archive, you only need to extract first part (e.g. “archive.7z.001”), and 7zip will automatically detect other parts and extract files.

Adding Files to an Existing Archive

If you already have an existing archive and want to add more files to it, you can use “7z” command followed by “u” option, which stands for “update.” Here’s an example −

7z u archive.7z chúng tôi file5.txt

This will add files “file4.txt” and “file5.txt” to existing “archive.7z” file.

Creating a Compressed Tar Archive

7zip can also be used to create compressed tar archives, which are commonly used in Linux. To create a compressed tar archive, you can use “7z” command followed by “a” option and “-ttar” option to specify archive format. For example −

7z a -ttar archive.tar.7z chúng tôi chúng tôi file3.txt

This will create a compressed tar archive called “archive.tar.7z” that contains files “file1.txt”, “file2.txt”, and “file3.txt”.

Extracting a Specific File From an Archive

If you only need to extract a specific file from an archive, you can use “7z” command followed by “-o” option and path to file. For example −

7z x archive.7z -o /home/user/documents file2.txt

This will extract only file “file2.txt” from “archive.7z” file and save it to “/home/user/documents” directory.

Creating a Password-protected Archive

In addition to encryption, 7zip also allows you to create password-protected archives, which can be useful when you want to prevent unauthorized access to your files. To create a password-protected archive, you can use “-p” option followed by password. For example −

7z a -pMyPassword archive.7z chúng tôi chúng tôi file3.txt

This will create a new file called “archive.7z” that is password-protected with password “MyPassword”.

Listing Contents of an Archive

If you want to see contents of an archive without extracting them, you can use “7z” command followed by “l” option, which stands for “list.” For example −

7z l archive.7z

This will list contents of “archive.7z” file, including file names, sizes, and compression ratios.

Extracting an Archive with Progress Bar

If you want to see progress of an extraction operation, you can use “-bsp1” option to enable progress bar. For example −

7z x -bsp1 archive.7z

This will extract contents of “archive.7z” file with a progress bar that shows percentage of extraction progress.

Creating a Compressed Archive with Exclusion

If you want to create a compressed archive that excludes certain files or directories, you can use “-x” option followed by file or directory names. For example −

7z a archive.7z * -x!*.log -x!temp/

This will create a compressed archive called “archive.7z” that contains all files in current directory except for those with extension “.log” and directory “temp/”.

Extracting an Archive with Exclusion

If you want to extract an archive while excluding certain files or directories, you can use “-x” option followed by file or directory names. For example −

7z x archive.7z -x!*.log -x!temp/

This will extract contents of “archive.7z” file while excluding files with extension “.log” and directory “temp/”.

Creating a self-extracting Archive

If you want to create a self-extracting archive that can be run on any system without 7zip installed, you can use “-sfx” option followed by name of executable file to create. For example −

7z a -sfx chúng tôi chúng tôi chúng tôi file3.txt

This will create a self-extracting archive called “archive.exe” that contains files “file1.txt”, “file2.txt”, and “file3.txt”.

Extracting a self-extracting Archive

To extract a self-extracting archive, you simply need to run executable file. For example −

./archive.exe

This will extract contents of self-extracting archive to current directory.

These are just a few examples of many ways you can use 7zip commands in Linux. With its versatile features and powerful compression capabilities, 7zip is an essential tool for managing files and archives on your Linux system.

Conclusion

7zip is a powerful and versatile tool that can help you compress and extract files on your Linux system. With examples in this article, you should be able to use 7zip to manage your archives efficiently and securely. Whether you’re sending files to someone or backing up your data, 7zip is a reliable and easy-to-use tool that can save you time and disk space.

Grep Command In Linux: Syntax, Options, Examples, & More

As a system admin on a Linux system, you might have to parse through a huge log file in Linux. It might seem a painstaking task, especially in the instances where you have to match patterns. Thankfully, grep command in Linux is a boon for such situations. If you are wondering what is grep command and how it works, below, we have prepared an easy guide to help you understand this useful Linux command.

What Is the grep Command in Linux

The grep command is a powerful command line tool in Linux used to search and filter out specific patterns or strings in a file, directory, or even in the output of other commands. You may be wondering about its unusual name; well it stands for “Global Regular Expression Print.” It was first introduced by Ken Thompson in 1973 for the Unix operating system. With its versatility and ease of use, the grep command is a must-have tool in every Linux user’s arsenal.

Generally, the grep command comes preinstalled on most Linux distros, but if you find it to be missing on your system, install it using the following commands:

Install on Debian-based systems:

sudo apt install grep

Install on Fedora-based systems:

Install on Arch-based systems:

sudo pacman -S grep

Linux Grep command: Syntax & Options

Using the grep command in Linux is pretty straightforward, thanks to its simple syntax along with the multiple options to play with. The syntax to use the grep command is:

How to Use the Grep Command in Linux

Say, for example, you want to match email addresses, you can use the regex “(.+)@(.+)n“. Seems complicated? Let’s break down this:

(.+) matches any characters except new lines

@ checks if the “@” symbol is present in the given sentence.

Now that you know what are regular expressions and how the grep command works, let’s now see how to use the grep command in Linux.

Search For Strings in Files with grep Command

The most common way to use grep is to search for specific strings in a file. The basic syntax to search with the grep command in files is:

grep "mango" fruits.txt

If you want to search while ignoring the case, then use the -i flag with the grep command for the above example:

grep -i "mango" fruits.txt

Search in Multiple Files with grep

With the grep command, you can not only search in a single file but also multiple files. This feature particularly becomes very handy when you need to go through multiple large files. The syntax to search for strings/patterns in multiple files with the grep command is:

For example, if you want to search for the string “student”, inside the files “student1.txt” and “student2.txt,” use this command:

grep "John" chúng tôi student2.txt

Search All Files in a Directory with grep

Suppose, you need to search for a string and you don’t remember the file name where it exists. You can obviously write all the filenames present in the directory, but instead, you can use simply use the “*” wildcard as shown:

grep "apple" *

If you want to search in specific file types only, use this syntax:

For example, if you want to search for the word “mango” only in .txt files, use this command:

Using Regular Expression with grep

For example, if you want to filter out email IDs use this command:

grep -e "(.+)@(.+)" emails.txt

Search for Multiple Keywords using grep Command

Count Matching Results using grep Command

Sometimes, you may need to know the number of matching results. For this, you can use the -c flag with the grep command:

For example, if you need to see how many email IDs are there in the file student1.txt, use this command:

grep -E -c "(.+)@(.+)" student1.txt

If you want to see the number of lines not matching the search query, simply add the -v flag along with -c:

grep -v -E -c "(.+)@(.+)" student1.txt

Using grep Command with Shell Pipes

For example, if you want to see how many times the gcc command has been executed previously, you can use this command:

This will show only the results containing the word “gcc,” as shown in the picture below.

Using grep Command in Linux

The grep command is an essential tool for users who want to search for specific patterns or words in various files, directories, or even in other Linux command outputs. Once you have got hold of all the essential options and syntax, the grep command can help you to increase your productivity exponentially. While you are here, check out the new features in Ubuntu 23.04.

Grep Command in Linux FAQs

Running Script Or Command As Another User In Linux

There are several ways to run a script or command as another user in Linux. One way is to use the “su” command, which stands for “switch user.” For example, to run a command as the user “john,” you would use the following syntax: “su john -c ‘command'”

Another way to run a command as another user is to use the “sudo” command, which stands for “superuser do.” This command allows a user with proper permissions to run a command with the privileges of another user, typically the root user. For example, to run a command as the root user, you would use the following syntax: “sudo command”

You can also use the “runuser” command to run a command as another user, this command is similar to su command but it is more secure.

It’s important to note that using these commands can potentially be dangerous, as they allow a user to execute commands with escalated privileges. Therefore, it is important to use them with caution and only when necessary.

Using su

The “su” command is used to switch to another user’s account in Linux. The basic syntax for using the “su” command is as follows −

su [username]

For example, to switch to the “john” user, you would use the following command −

su john

When you run this command, you will be prompted to enter the password for the user you are switching to. Once you enter the correct password, you will be logged in as that user and will have the same privileges and permissions as that user.

You can also use the – option in order to switch to the previous user, for example −

su -

You can also run a command as another user by using the -c option followed by the command you want to run.

su john -c 'command'

It’s important to note that using “su” command can potentially be dangerous, as it allows a user to execute commands with escalated privileges. Therefore, it is important to use it with caution and only when necessary.

Using sudo

The “sudo” command is used to run a command with the privileges of another user, typically the root user, in Linux. The basic syntax for using the “sudo” command is as follows −

sudo [command]

For example, to run the “apt-get update” command as the root user, you would use the following command −

sudo apt-get update

When you run this command, you will be prompted to enter your own password. The system will then check if you have the necessary permissions to run the command as the root user. If you have the correct permissions, the command will be executed, otherwise, the command will be denied.

It’s important to note that running commands as the root user can be very dangerous if not done properly, as it allows a user to execute commands with escalated privileges. Therefore, it is important to use it with caution and only when necessary. And also, you should use sudo only for commands that require elevated privileges, not for every command.

Using runuser

The “runuser” command is used to run a command as another user in Linux, similar to the “su” command. The basic syntax for using the “runuser” command is as follows −

runuser [options] [username] [command]

For example, to run the command “ls -l” as the user “john”, you would use the following command −

runuser -l john -c 'ls -l'

The option -l is used to make the environment similar to a login shell and -c is used to specify the command that you want to run.

You can also use the -u option followed by the username to specify the user you want to run the command as −

runuser -u john ls -l

The “runuser” command is more secure than “su” command because it doesn’t start a shell and it doesn’t source any shell profile files which reduces the attack surface of the system.

It’s important to note that using the “runuser” command can potentially be dangerous, as it allows a user to execute commands with escalated privileges. Therefore, it is important to use it with caution and only when necessary.

Conclusion

There are several ways to run a script or command as another user in Linux, such as using the “su” command, the “sudo” command, or the “runuser” command. Each command has its own syntax and options, and it’s important to use them with caution and only when necessary.

The “su” command allows you to switch to another user’s account and run commands with that user’s privileges and permissions. The “sudo” command allows you to run a command with the privileges of the root user, but you need to have the correct permissions. And the “runuser” command allows you to run a command as another user, it is similar to su command but it is more secure as it doesn’t start a shell and it doesn’t source any shell profile files.

Writing Text To File Using Linux Cat Command

Introduction

The Linux cat command is a powerful utility that allows users to concatenate, view and create files. One of its useful features is the ability to write text to a file, either by appending it to the end of the file or by overwriting the existing content of the file. In this article, we’ll explore how to use the cat command to write text to a file in Linux, covering the various options and flags that can be used to customize the behavior of the command.

Introduction to the Linux Cat Command

The cat command is a simple yet versatile command that is commonly used in Linux to perform various file operations. It’s short for “concatenate” and can be used to join multiple files together or to display the contents of a file on the screen.

The basic syntax of the cat command is as follows −

$ cat [options] [file]

The options argument is optional and specifies various flags that modify the behavior of the cat command. The file argument is the name of the file you want to manipulate. If you don’t specify a file, cat will read from standard input (for example, keyboard input). Here are some common examples of using the cat command −

To view the contents of a file on screen −

$ cat file.txt

To concatenate multiple files and display the resulting result on the screen −

$ cat chúng tôi chúng tôi file3.txt

To concatenate multiple files and save the resulting output to a new file −

As you can see, the cat command is a useful tool for viewing and manipulating text files in Linux. In the next section, we will look at how to use the cat command to write text to a file.

Write Text to a File Using the Cat Command

To write text to a file using the cat command, you can use the echo command to output the text and pipe it to the cat command. The echo command is a built-in shell command used to display a message on the screen or to write a message to a file.

Here’s an example of using the echo and cat commands to write “Hello world!” in a new file called chúng tôi −

For example, to add the text “This is a new line” to the end of the “hello.txt” file, you could use the following command −

Here is the output you would see if you ran this command −

Hello, World! This is a new line

You can also use the -n flag with the echo command to suppress the newline character at the end of the output. This can be useful if you want to write multiple lines to a file without adding extra blank lines between them.

For example, to write the following three lines to a file named “lines.txt” without adding any extra blank lines between them −

This is line 1. This is line 2. This is line 3.

You can use the following command −

This will write the three lines to the “lines.txt” file as follows −

This is line chúng tôi is line chúng tôi is line 3. This is line 1. This is line 2. This is line 3.

You can use the following command −

This is line 1. This is line 2. This is line 3. EOF

The << symbol indicates the start of input, and the string EOF (which can be any string you choose) indicates the end of input. The cat command will write everything between the << and EOF symbols to the “direct.txt” file.

Conclusion

In this article, we have seen how to use the cat command to write text to a file in Linux. The cat command is a powerful and versatile utility that can be used for a variety of tasks, including concatenating files, viewing file contents, and writing text to a file. Using the various switches and flags available with the cat command, you can customize its behavior to meet your specific needs.

Learn How Does Linux Shred Command Work?

Introduction to Linux Shred

The Linux shred command; will overwrite the file in such a way that the third-party tool or software will not able to recover the data from the same shred file. It is the safer way to destroy the critical data or information and you don’t want to allow the recovery of data at any point in time.

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The Linux shred command-line utility was written by Colin Plumb.

Syntax of Shred command shred [ OPTION ]... [ FILE ]...

OPTION: We can provide the different flags as options that are compatible with the shred command.

FILE: Input file to provide the shred command

How does Linux Shred Command work?

In most of the operating systems, when we are deleting any file or data from standard HDD the data is not deleting permanently as per the standard time. If anyone gets the same HDD and tries to recover the data or file (without shred) then with the help of a third-party application or tool we are able to recover the deleted data from the HDD.

The shred command accepting the different valid flag option in shred command and overwrite the data as per the provided input file.

There are a few different types of shred option available in the Linux ecosystem.

Sr. No Shred Option Option Meaning Description

1 -f, –force if necessary, It will change the permissions to allow writing

2 -n –iterations By default, shred command shred the file 3 times. We can provide the user input to overwrite the “N” number of times

3 –random-source Especially for file It will get the random bytes from FILE

4 -s –size It will shred this many bytes

5 -u –remove It will truncate and remove after overwriting the files

6 -v –verbose It will display the live process

7 -x –exact It will don’t round file sizes up to the next full block

8 -z –zero To hide shredding, it will add a final overwrite with zeros

9 –help Help Option It will display the help option

10 –version Version Information It will display the output version information

Examples of Linux Shred

Here are the following examples mention below

Example #1 – Shred Command

The simple Linux shred command is just overwriting the input file data. It is the simplest command in the shred command family. It will run with default parameters of the shred command.

Command :

Explanation :

We are having a sample directory, in the same directory there is filename “file.txt”. There are records/lines in it (refer screenshot 1(a)). We are using the chúng tôi as an input to Linux shred command. The shred command will overwrite the data and data format is completely changed (refer screenshot 1(b)). It is very difficult to recover the shred file data.

Output :

Screenshot 1 (a)

Screenshot 1 (b)

Example #2 – Shred Command with “-n” option

The Linux shred command; we can define the number of times the shredding will happen on the file.

We can use the “-n” option with shred command.

Command :

shred -n 10 file.txt

Explanation :

As per the above command, we are using shred command on input file “file.txt”. We are using the “-n” option in shred command. It will overwrite the file ten times. The default value of overwriting is three.

Output :

Example #3 – Shred Command with “-u” option

We can use the “-u” option with the shred command.

Command :

shred -u file.txt

Explanation :

In the Linux ecosystem, we need to delete the shred file in the same shred command. In the sample directory, we are having the input file i.e. chúng tôi We are using the “-u” option in the shred command. You will observe that when we will use the “-u” option the file will shred and delete form the current location.

Output :

Example #4 – Shred Command with “-s” option

The shred command, we shred the number of lines as per the requirement. The remaining content or data or record is present as it is.

We need to use the “-s” option in shred command.

Note: The “-s” value should be in the number of bytes.

Command :

shred -s20 data.txt

Explanation :

In the sample directory, we have created a new input file “data.txt”. We are entering few records in it and the size of the file is 49 bytes (refer screenshot 2 (a)). As per the above command, we are shredding the input file form 0 bytes to 20 bytes. As per the “-s” option value, data will shred (refer screenshot 2 (b)).

Screenshot 2 (a)

Screenshot 2 (b)

Example #5 – Shred Command with “-v” option

In shred command, there is a facility to display the live operation performing by the shred command. To get the live execution messages status, we need to use the “-v” option with shred command.

Note: we can use the “-v” option with any shred command option. There is no restriction to use the “-v” option in the command.

Command :

shred -v -n 10 data.txt

Explanation :

In the shred environment, we are having the functionality to get the live query status. To get the shred command information, we need to use the “-v” option in the command. As per the below output, we are getting the live shred command update, where the command is, and what it is doing. Once the command execution will complete then the CLI curser comes into the original state.

Output :

Conclusion

We have seen the uncut concept of “Linux Shred Command” with the proper example, explanation, and command with different outputs. It can shred the file multiple times. Due to shred command, we are having the reliability that the data or file was completely overwritten or deleted and no one can recover the same data or file.